Why consider women’s water security? There is significant evidence that while women experience greater impacts of water insecurity than men, they are underrepresented in formal and informal water management and service delivery institutions. These differences arise from broader gender inequalities and marginalization of particular groups within the relevant societies. People experience water security and insecurity differently. Women are often responsible for water collection and management within households. Women and girls are also more likely to experience food insecurity; personal safety concerns; vulnerability to disasters, severe weather events, and climate change; risks of disease and physical and mental health impacts; and reduced economic opportunities related to water. It is therefore important to consider the specific factors that contribute to women’s water insecurity. To achieve water security for all, it is imperative that gender and inclusion are meaningfully incorporated into policies, governance, and management processes. This report presents findings from a collaborative knowledge work among the Asian Development Bank; University of Technology Sydney’s Institute for Sustainable Futures; and a wider network of global partners interested in progressing the gender and inclusion agenda in water security. This knowledge work aims to (i) develop a conceptual framework to guide a gendered perspective on water security in policy, project design, analysis, and monitoring; and (ii) document practices on how women’s inclusion and gender equality in the water sector can be enhanced toward more transformational gendered approaches. Conceptual framework for gendered water security. The conceptual framework adopts a human-centric perspective and is designed to highlight the societal, institutional, environmental, and biophysical contexts that impact diverse individuals’ experience of water security and insecurity (Figure 1). While focused on gender equality and the experiences of women, the framework also incorporates an intersection lens covering diverse individual characteristics and can be helpful in considering other vulnerable groups. The framework is intended to help water professionals identify critical factors in conceptualizing and measuring gendered water security across domestic, productive, and cultural water uses as well as in relation to water-related disasters. This, in turn, can support improved gender equality and inclusion in policy development and project design, as well as in monitoring and evaluation efforts. Transformative practices to support enhanced inclusion and gender equality. This report also provides 33 short cases to demonstrate how gender considerations can be better integrated into water project design. Using a second framework presented in Figure 2, these cases highlight the spectrum of possible entry points for promoting improved gender equality and inclusion, ranging from gender-sensitive, gender-responsive, to gender-transformative approaches.