Indigenous Peoples are resilient. Despite multiple and persistent threats over centuries, Indigenous Peoples are sustaining their cultures and ways of life while making significant contributions to the sustainability of the planet. They have faced shocks ranging from the forced dispossession of, and displacement from, their ancestral lands to the undermining of their cultures and knowledge through the imposition of foreign systems and values. At the same time, Indigenous Peoples remain rich in their knowledge, spiritual connection, and conservation of the natural resources upon which we all depend. According to Garnett et al. (2018), Indigenous Peoples manage or hold tenure rights to 28 percent of the world’s surface accounting for about 40 percent of Earth’s terrestrial protected areas and ecologically intact landscapes. At the same time, WWF et al (2021) found that when combining Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities’ lands, 65 percent remain untouched, and 90 percent are in good or moderate ecological condition. Their contributions to conservation are significant, with 80 percent of the world’s biodiversity and 25 percent of all tropical forest above-ground carbon, found within Indigenous lands (RRI, 2018). Indigenous Peoples are disproportionately impacted by a changing climate, even though they have contributed little to cause this crisis. Climate change’s impacts on Indigenous Peoples are more acute due to their close interdependence with nature, the geographical spaces where they live, and their often limited access to services and infrastructure. The increasing frequency and severity of climate impacts on Indigenous Peoples heightens the urgency to bolster their resilience. Whereas significant evidence exists around Indigenous Peoples’ contributions to climate mitigation, much less is understood around Indigenous Peoples’ resilience and climate adaptation. This Framework seeks to address this knowledge gap and inform sectoral policies and programs that could directly or indirectly bolster or undermine the drivers and enablers of Indigenous Peoples’ resilience. It builds on Indigenous Peoples’ perspectives, experiences, and evidence from across the world. The Framework is timely as it serves as a practical guide on how to advance, in the case of Indigenous Peoples, the World Bank’s newly adopted commitment to support “Resilient Populations”, as described in Outcome Area Five of the World Bank Corporate Scorecard. At the same time, the World Bank has recently heightened its commitment to sustainability goals through adding “on a livable planet” to its mission statement, which historically focused only on poverty and inequality. This shift more closely aligns the World Bank with Indigenous Peoples’ world views and values. Finally, the Framework contributes a unique global public good to a development community that is increasingly recognizing Indigenous Peoples as critical partners in conserving the world’s ecosystems and addressing climate challenges. The primary objective of this Framework is to identify defining principles, internal drivers and external enablers that support Indigenous Peoples’ resilience to climate change and other external shocks. The Framework aims to promote Indigenous Peoples’ resilience by informing cross-sectoral policies and programs that could directly or indirectly bolster or undermine the drivers and enablers of Indigenous Peoples’ resilience.