This report contains the results of the largest research project into Indigenous fishing values to date, documenting how and why use and management of marine resources is valued by and benefits Indigenous peoples and communities in three very different parts of Australia. The Indigenous Reference Group (IRG) of the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (FRDC) financed the Native Title Research Unit of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS) to conduct this research, in collaboration with Aboriginal organisations based in three regions: • the Far West Coast Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC (Far West Coast SA), • the Crocodile Islands Rangers of the Milingimbi and Outstations Progress Resource Association (Northeast Arnhem Land, NT), and • the NSW Aboriginal Fishing Rights Group (South Coast NSW) The research team interviewed 169 Aboriginal people from these three regions between October 2015 and July 2017, collecting qualitative data on the perceived cultural, social, economic and health significance and benefits of customary fishing practices (activities related to the use of fish and aquatic invertebrates). Data was also collected on perceived barriers to customary fishing practices and the aspirations people held for marine resource use and management in their communities’ futures. The results show that for many Aboriginal peoples, customary fishing practices are of immense value and multi-faceted importance; being able or unable to access customary fisheries can have profound repercussions for the cultural, social, economic, physical and mental health of individuals, families and communities. Recognising and facilitating the values and aspirations of Aboriginal peoples in the management and use of their sea countries has the potential to generate substantial positive flow-on effects for overall health, wealth and wellbeing.