The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development embody a set of globally agreed priorities of vital importance to all countries, including sustainable, accessible, affordable and resilient quality infrastructure. Infrastructure financing needs have been estimated at US $ 90 trillion between now and the year 2030, with an annual financing gap in developing countries of up to US $ 1.5 trillion. To close this gap, the multilateral development banks (MDBs) are proposing to prioritize and maximize private finance, while G20 member countries are developing a roadmap for infrastructure as an asset class that would standardize infrastructure investment and attract institutional investors. As countries hasten to plan and develop infrastructure, in some cases through massive regional infrastructure plans and mega-infrastructure projects, a number of questions arise: What kind of infrastructure is being developed and whose needs will it serve? Who may lose out in the process? How will it affect our development pathway? Is enough attention being given to the environmental and human rights gaps, in addition to the financing gap, in relation to mega-infrastructure project design, financing and investment decisions, bearing in mind countries’ obligations under international human rights and environmental law? This publication analyses the potential gains from integrating human rights and environmental dimensions of sustainability explicitly within mega-infrastructure plans and projects, as well as the cost of failing to do so, drawing from mega-infrastructure project experience in the energy, transportation and water sectors. It examines two key aspects of infrastructure development in relative detail: the legal framework gov erning international investment, and the shifting landscape of infrastructure finance.