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Guia de boas práticasem consultas aospovos indígenas, comunidades tradicionais e quilombolas

Resource Key: EWUYBNYM

Document Type: Report

Creator:

Place: Brazil

Institution: Aliança Brasil NBS

Date: November 2023

Language: pt

A expansão da oferta de projetos de carbono e o crescimento do número de desenvolvedores no mercado voluntário, tanto em nível nacional quanto internacional, traz luz sobre a necessidade de zelar pela integridade e qualidade dos créditos, pelas boas práticas na elaboração dos projetos e pelas salva guardas sociais e ambientais. O Brasil tem o potencial de representar 15% das oportunidades globais em so luções baseadas na natureza, dada a sua extensão territorial e rica biodiversidade. Parte desse potencial de remoção ou redução de emissões encontra-se em terras públicas, e sua realização dependerá de um processo de interlocução com povos indígenas, co munidades tradicionais e quilombolas. Na Amazônia brasileira, por exemplo, 27% da área com floresta são Terras Indígenas (TIs), que abrigam 173 etnias. Um crescimento desorientado de projetos pode ocasionar erros técnicos na construção de benefí cios, o que prejudiciaria tanto as comunidades envol vidas quanto o mercado voluntário de carbono. Nesse sentido, por acreditar no fortalecimento de princípios e boas práticas, a Aliança Brasil NBS apresenta este Guia com parâmetros mínimos e condutas a serem observadas no contato, reuniões de esclarecimentos, CLPIs e implementação de projetos de carbono flo restal em parceria com povos indígenas, quilombolas e comunidades tradicionais, como ribeirinhos, serta nejos, extrativistas, agricultores familiares e assenta dos da Reforma Agrária. O Guia de Boas Práticas em consultas aos povos indígenas, comunidades tradicionais e quilombolas foi escrito por desenvolvedores de projetos e organi zações do terceiro setor envolvidas na construção de projetos de carbono do Brasil e tem como público-al vo os desenvolvedores que atuam no país. A ideia é que ele sirva de base para compartilhar boas práticas de relacionamento que fortaleçam a elaboração de projetos com integridade e excelência, respeitando a autonomia e o protagonismo dos povos indígenas, das comunidades tradicionais e quilombolas, não pre tendendo esgotar a discussão sobre a representativi dade destes povos no mercado voluntário de carbono.

Forest governance by indigenous and tribal peoples. An opportunity for climate action in Latin America and the Caribbean

Resource Key: Q8Q5687M

Document Type: Report

Creator:

Place: Santiago

Institution: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); Fund for the Development of the Indigenous Peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean (FILAC)

Date: 2021

Language: en

This report highlights the importance and urgency for climate action initiatives of protecting the forests of the indigenous and tribal territories and the communities that look after them. Based on recent experience, it proposes a package of investments and policies for climate funders and government decision-makers to adopt, in coordination with the indigenous and tribal peoples.

The indigenous and tribal peoples that inhabit Latin America and the Caribbean’s forest regions find themselves in a paradoxical situation. Despite being rich in natural and cultural resources, they are poor in monetary incomes and access to public services. This report addresses both aspects. It proposes measures that take advantage of indigenous and tribal peoples’ natural and cultural riches to mitigate and adapt to climate change and protect wildlife and biological diversity, while reducing extreme poverty, food insecurity and social conflict. The COVID-19 pandemic makes such measures more urgent than ever. The indigenous and tribal peoples are among the groups most affected by the virus and its economic impacts, and the pandemic underscores how forest destruction and biodiversity loss can fuel zoonotic diseases that put human lives at risk.

Forests are extremely important for climate stability because it would be extremely difficult to limit the rise in average global temperatures to less than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels without conserving and restoring the world’s forests (Houghton et al., 2017). Practically all scenarios for achieving this goal include some combination of reducing deforestation and forest degradation, reforestation, and natural forest regeneration (IPCC, 2018), the main “climate actions” discussed in this report.

In this context, the forests of Latin America and the Caribbean’s indigenous and tribal territories are key for global, regional, and local climate mitigation and resilience. They contain almost 30 percent of the carbon of the region’s forests and 14 percent of the carbon in tropical forests worldwide (Saatchi et al., 2011; Walker et al., 2014; Frechette et al., 2018). In fact, they store more carbon than all the forests in Indonesia or the Democratic Republic of Congo, the two countries with the most tropical forest area after Brazil (Walker et al., 2014).

Besides being great warehouses of carbon, forests also matter for the climate because they affect the temperature and rainfall patterns in other ways. Forests have higher evapotranspiration, greater surface roughness, and lower albedo than other land uses, and that has major effects on local temperatures and both local and distant rainfall patterns (Ellison et al., 2017; Sheil, 2018; IPCC, 2019). Extensive forest cover can help to prevent extreme temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns, and thus maintain agricultural yields, avert heat stress, and prevent forest fires associated with droughts (Costa et al., 2019; Suter et al., 2019).

Historically, forests in indigenous and tribal territories have suffered much less destruction than the region’s other forests. Nevertheless, several factors that protected these forests have weakened, and threats to these forests and their inhabitants are growing rapidly. To reverse these negative trends requires various measures, which can be grouped in five categories:

Strengthening communal territorial rights.
Compensating indigenous and tribal communities for environmental services.
Facilitating community forest management.
Revitalizing traditional cultures and knowledge.
Strengthening territorial governance and indigenous and tribal organizations.
These measures offer an excellent opportunity to markedly reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at a low cost per ton of avoided emissions, as well as generate other relevant environmental and social benefits. A holistic package of reforms and investments that incorporates these elements could contribute greatly to achieving many Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and targets of the Paris Agreement, and the 2030 Agenda.

The report begins by analyzing the forests in the territories that indigenous and tribal peoples manage communally and their importance for climate action. Then, it tackles the reasons those forests have been better conserved than other forests in the region. Thirdly, it studies the new dynamics accelerating these forests’ destruction threatening indigenous and tribal peoples. Finally, we propose a package of policies and reforms to reverse these trends, with emphasis on five types of interventions.

It is worth mentioning that this report centers on indigenous territories with significant forest cover. It also includes evidence about afro-descendants who could be considered “tribal” under international standards (Dulitzky, 2005).

The report is based primarily on a review of over 300 studies published in the last two decades, including 73 studies published in the last two years (2019 and 2020). Hopefully, it will pique the interest of decision-makers and professionals who work in government agencies, grassroots organizations, international organizations, academic centers, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) related to climate and forest policies and to land tenure and the rights of indigenous and tribal peoples.

Os povos indígenas e tribais e governança florestal. Uma oportunidade para a ação climática na América Latina e no Caribe

Resource Key: Z7ULJZLE

Document Type: Report

Creator:

Place: Santiago

Institution: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); Fund for the Development of the Indigenous Peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean (FILAC)

Date: 2021

Language: pt

O objetivo deste relatório é esclarecer a importância e a urgência de proteger as florestas dos territórios indígenas e tribais e as comunidades que as cuidam, para a ação climática. Um povo tribal é “um povo que não é indígena da região [que habita], mas que compartilha características semelhantes com os povos indígenas, como ter diferentes tradições sociais, culturais e econômicas de outras seções da comunidade nacional, identificar-se com seus territórios ancestrais e estar regulados, ao menos parcialmente, por suas próprias normas, costumes ou tradições” (Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, 2007). Tal termo, pactuado internacionalmente, converge com o que no Brasil a legislação nacional chama de “Comunidades Tradicionais”. Com base na experiência recente, propõe-se um conjunto de investimentos e políticas a serem adotados pelos financiadores de ações climáticas e pelos tomadores de decisão do governo, em coordenação com os povos indígenas e tribais. Os povos indígenas e tribais que vivem em áreas florestais na América Latina e no Caribe vivem em uma situação paradoxal: apesar de serem ricos em recursos naturais e cultura, são pobres em renda monetária e acesso a serviços públicos. Este relatório responde a essa dualidade. Ele propõe medidas que aprimoram o uso da riqueza natural e cultural dos povos indígenas e tribais para mitigar os efeitos das mudanças climáticas, proteger a vida selvagem e a biodiversidade e, ao mesmo tempo, reduzir a pobreza extrema, a insegurança alimentar e os conflitos sociais. Essas medidas são ainda mais urgentes no contexto atual da pandemia da COVID-19, já que os povos indígenas e tribais estão entre os mais atingidos pela doença e pela crise econômica, e ficou claro que a interrupção das florestas e da biodiversidade pode colocar a vida humana em risco. A importância das florestas para a estabilidade climática está no fato de que será muito difícil manter as temperaturas médias globais abaixo de 2°C acima dos níveis préindustriais sem a conservação e a restauração global das florestas (Houghton et al., 2017). Praticamente todos os cenários para conseguir alcançar essa meta vem de alguma combinação de redução do desmatamento e degradação das florestas, reflorestamento e regeneração de florestas naturais (IPCC, 2018), que são as principais “ações climáticas” discutidas neste relatório. Nesse contexto, as florestas em territórios indígenas e tribais na América Latina e no Caribe são fundamentais para a estabilidade e a resiliência climática global, regional e local. Elas contêm quase 30% do carbono armazenado nas florestas da região e 14% do carbono das florestas tropicais em nível global (Saatchi et al., 2011; Walker et al., 2014; Frechette et al., 2018). De fato, possuem mais carbono do que todas as florestas da República da Indonésia ou da República Democrática do Congo, os dois países com a maior área de floresta tropical depois do Brasil (Walker et al., 2014). Além de ser um agente climático central devido ao carbono que armazenam, as florestas também influenciam a temperatura e a precipitação de outras formas. Elas têm maior evapotranspiração e rugosidade, e albedo mais baixo do que outros usos da terra, o que afeta significativamente a temperatura e a precipitação local (Ellison et al., 2017; Sheil, 2018; IPCC, 2019). Uma boa cobertura florestal pode ajudar a evitar extremos de temperatura e mudanças nos padrões de chuva, mantendo assim a produtividade agrícola, contornando problemas de saúde humana ligados ao estresse térmico e prevenindo incêndios florestais associados a secas (Costa et al., 2019; Suter et al., 2019). Historicamente, as florestas em territórios indígenas e tribais sofreram muito menos destruição do que outras florestas da região. No entanto, vários fatores que protegiam essas florestas estão mudando; as ameaças a elas e a seus habitantes estão crescendo rapidamente. A reversão dessa tendência negativa exige uma série de medidas, que podem ser agrupadas em cinco categorias principais: Fortalecimento dos direitos coletivos à terra. Compensar as comunidades indígenas e tribais pelos serviços ambientais que prestam. Facilitar o manejo florestal comunitário. Revitalizar culturas e conhecimentos tradicionais. Fortalecer a governança territorial e as organizações indígenas e tribais. Essas medidas oferecem uma excelente oportunidade para obter reduções significativas no carbono atmosférico a um baixo custo por tonelada de emissões evitadas e gerar vários benefícios ambientais e sociais. Um pacote integral de reformas e investimentos que incorporem esses elementos podem contribuir substancialmente para o cumprimento de muitos dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS), do Acordo de Paris e da Agenda 2030. O relatório começa analisando as florestas nos territórios que os povos indígenas e tribais gerenciam coletivamente e chamando a atenção para sua importância para a ação climática. Em seguida, explora porque essas florestas têm sido mais bem conservadas do que outras florestas na América Latina e, depois, explora a nova dinâmica que está impulsionando a destruição acelerada das f lorestas e ameaçando cada vez mais as pessoas nos territórios indígenas e tribais. Por fim, propõe um pacote abrangente de políticas e investimentos para reverter essa tendência, com ênfase em cinco áreas de intervenção. Deve-se observar que esta pesquisa se concentra em territórios indígenas com cobertura florestal. Ela também inclui evidências sobre os afrodescendentes que poderiam ser considerados “tribais” de acordo com os padrões internacionais (Dulitzky, 2005). Este relatório baseia-se em uma revisão da literatura de mais de 300 estudos publicados nas últimas duas décadas, incluindo 73 publicados nos últimos dois anos (2019 e 2020). Espera-se que seja de interesse dos tomadores de decisão e profissionais que trabalham em órgãos públicos, organizações de base, organizações internacionais, centros acadêmicos e organizações não governamentais preocupados com a política climática e florestal e com a posse e os direitos à terra de povos indígenas e tribais.

Los pueblos indígenas y tribales y la gobernanza de los bosques. Una oportunidad para la acción climática en Latina América y el Caribe

Resource Key: G6U6EDX9

Document Type: Report

Creator:

Place: Santiago

Institution: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); Fund for the Development of the Indigenous Peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean (FILAC)

Date: 2021

Language: es

El propósito de este informe es dejar en claro la importancia y urgencia para la acción climática de proteger a los bosques de los territorios indígenas y tribales y a las comunidades que los cuidan. Con base en la experiencia reciente, se propone un conjunto de inversiones y políticas para ser adoptadas por los financiadores climáticos y decisores gubernamentales, en coordinación con los pueblos indígenas y tribales. Los pueblos indígenas y tribales que habitan las áreas forestales de América Latina y el Caribe viven en una situación paradójica: a pesar de ser ricos en recursos naturales y cultura, son pobres en ingresos monetarios y acceso a servicios públicos. Este informe responde a esa dualidad. Propone medidas que potencian el uso de la riqueza natural y cultural de los pueblos indígenas y tribales para mitigar y adaptarse al cambio climático, proteger la vida silvestre y la diversidad biológica y a la vez reducir la pobreza extrema, la inseguridad alimentaria y los conflictos sociales. Esas medidas son aún más apremiantes en el contexto actual de la pandemia del COVID-19, toda vez que los pueblos indígenas y tribales han sido de los más afectados por la enfermedad y la crisis económica, y se ha puesto en evidencia que la perturbación de los bosques y la biodiversidad puede poner en riesgo la vida humana. La importancia de los bosques para la estabilidad climática radica en que será muy difícil mantener la temperatura global promedio bajo los 2°C por encima de los niveles preindustriales, sin la conservación y restauración de los bosques a nivel mundial (Houghton et al., 2017). Prácticamente todos los escenarios para lograr esa meta prevén alguna combinación de reducción de la deforestación y degradación de los bosques, reforestación y regeneración natural de bosques (IPCC, 2018), que son las principales “acciones climáticas” discutidas en este informe. En ese contexto, los bosques de los territorios indígenas y tribales de América Latina y el Caribe son claves para la estabilidad y resiliencia climática global, regional y local. Contienen casi el 30% del carbono almacenado en los bosques de la región y el 14% del carbono en los bosques tropicales a nivel mundial (Saatchi et al., 2011; Walker et al., 2014; Frechette et al., 2018). De hecho, poseen más carbono que todos los bosques de la República de Indonesia o la República Democrática del Congo, los dos países con mayor área de bosque tropical después de Brasil (Walker et al., 2014). Además de ser un agente climático central en razón del carbono que almacenan, los bosques también influyen en la temperatura y precipitación por otras vías. Tienen mayor evapotranspiración y rugosidad y menor albedo que otros usos del suelo, lo que afecta de forma significativa la temperatura local y la precipitación local y lejana (Ellison et al., 2017; Sheil, 2018; IPCC, 2019). Una buena cobertura forestal puede ayudar a evitar temperaturas extremas y cambios en los patrones de lluvias, y así mantener los rendimientos agrícolas, eludir los problemas de salud humana ligados al estrés por calor y evitar los incendios forestales asociados con las sequías (Costa et al., 2019; Suter et al., 2019). Históricamente, los bosques de los territorios indígenas y tribales han sufrido mucho menos destrucción que otros bosques de la región. Sin embargo, varios factores que protegían estos bosques están cambiando; las amenazas para estos y sus habitantes crecen de forma acelerada. Para revertir esta tendencia negativa se requiere una serie de medidas, las que se pueden agrupar en cinco categorías principales: Fortalecer los derechos territoriales colectivos. Compensar a las comunidades indígenas y tribales por los servicios ambientales que proveen. Facilitar el manejo forestal comunitario. Revitalizar las culturas y los conocimientos tradicionales. Fortalecer la gobernanza territorial y las organizaciones indígenas y tribales. Esas medidas ofrecen una excelente oportunidad para lograr una reducción significativa del carbono en la atmósfera a un bajo costo por tonelada de emisiones evitadas y generar múltiples beneficios ambientales y sociales. Un paquete integral de reformas e inversiones que incorpore estos elementos podría contribuir de forma sustancial al cumplimento de buena parte de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), el Acuerdo de París y la Agenda 2030. El informe comienza analizando los bosques en los territorios que los pueblos indígenas y tribales gestionan de forma colectiva y llamando la atención sobre su importancia para la acción climática. Luego, se estudian las causas por las cuales esos bosques se han conservado mejor que otros bosques en América Latina, para después indagar en las nuevas dinámicas que están generando una destrucción acelerada de los bosques y amenazando cada vez más a los pobladores de los territorios indígenas y tribales. Por último, se propone un paquete integral de políticas e inversiones para revertir esta tendencia, con énfasis en cinco áreas de intervención. Conviene señalar que esta investigación pone su foco en los territorios indígenas con cobertura forestal. También se incluye evidencia sobre aquellos afrodescendientes que podrían ser considerados “tribales” bajo las normas internacionales (Dulitzky, 2005). Este informe se basa en una revisión bibliográfica de más de 300 estudios publicados en las últimas dos décadas, incluyendo 73 publicados en los últimos dos años (2019 y 2020). Es de esperar que sea de interés para los tomadores de decisiones y profesionales que trabajan en organismos públicos, organizaciones de base, organizaciones internacionales, centros académicos y organizaciones no gubernamentales relacionados con políticas climáticas y forestales y con la tenencia de la tierra y los derechos de los pueblos indígenas y tribales.

The roles of the state and social licence to operate? Lessons from nuclear waste management in Finland, France, and Sweden

Resource Key: PAG5HZ64

Document Type: Journal Article

Creator:

Date: March 2020

Language: en

The concept of social licence to operate (SLO) is an increasingly popular tool for companies to manage their relations with the local communities. SLO is very seldom used in the nuclear sector, which has nevertheless applied similar approaches, under notions such as partnership and participatory governance. This article explores the specific challenges that the application of SLO faces in the nuclear waste management (NWM) sector, by applying an often-used SLO framework of Boutilier and Thomson to illustrative case studies concerning nuclear waste repository projects in Finland, France and Sweden. Among the specificities of this sector, the article focuses on the central roles of the state in the governance of a project designed as a local solution to a national, even a global problem, entailing extremely long-term challenges, in a context when the state has a vested interest in the project obtaining an SLO. The article suggests that state-related elements be added to the four key criteria of the Boutilier and Thomson framework, which consists of economic and socio-political legitimacy, and interactional and institutionalised trust. To account for the diversity of settings, such as the ‘high-trust’ contexts of Finland and Sweden and the French ‘society of mistrust’, further analysis and conceptual refinement are needed, especially concerning the multiple dimensions of trust and mistrust, the relationships between legal, political, and social licences, and the specific challenges of intergenerational justice in SLO work.

Impact assessment for the twenty-first century – rising to the challenge

Resource Key: K7CZ4SYC

Document Type: Journal Article

Creator:

Date: 2020

Language: en

The future of impact assessment has to contend with global megatrends, including the Fourth Industrial Revolution, that are set to change the face of the planet, and with the neoliberal economy, and the implications this has for trade-offs in decision-making under the umbrella of ‘sustainable development’. Together these challenges have implications for human health and well-being, and biodiversity. In this letter, we set out these challenges, before moving onto the solutions that are needed to rise to them. These include: formalising technology assessment processes and/or the inclusion of emerging technologies within the scope of legislated IA processes; a move towards legislated substantive outcomes, rather than enforcement of procedure only; and ensuring that the framing of IA goals are based on societal definitions of sustainability.

Indigenous Peoples’ Resilience Framework

Resource Key: GURQYKRZ

Document Type: Report

Creator:

Place: Washington D.C.

Institution: World Bank

Date: August 2024

Language: en

Indigenous Peoples are resilient. Despite multiple and persistent threats over centuries, Indigenous Peoples are sustaining their cultures and ways of life while making significant contributions to the sustainability of the planet. They have faced shocks ranging from the forced dispossession of, and displacement from, their ancestral lands to the undermining of their cultures and knowledge through the imposition of foreign systems and values. At the same time, Indigenous Peoples remain rich in their knowledge, spiritual connection, and conservation of the natural resources upon which we all depend. According to Garnett et al. (2018), Indigenous Peoples manage or hold tenure rights to 28 percent of the world’s surface accounting for about 40 percent of Earth’s terrestrial protected areas and ecologically intact landscapes. At the same time, WWF et al (2021) found that when combining Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities’ lands, 65 percent remain untouched, and 90 percent are in good or moderate ecological condition. Their contributions to conservation are significant, with 80 percent of the world’s biodiversity and 25 percent of all tropical forest above-ground carbon, found within Indigenous lands (RRI, 2018). Indigenous Peoples are disproportionately impacted by a changing climate, even though they have contributed little to cause this crisis. Climate change’s impacts on Indigenous Peoples are more acute due to their close interdependence with nature, the geographical spaces where they live, and their often limited access to services and infrastructure. The increasing frequency and severity of climate impacts on Indigenous Peoples heightens the urgency to bolster their resilience. Whereas significant evidence exists around Indigenous Peoples’ contributions to climate mitigation, much less is understood around Indigenous Peoples’ resilience and climate adaptation. This Framework seeks to address this knowledge gap and inform sectoral policies and programs that could directly or indirectly bolster or undermine the drivers and enablers of Indigenous Peoples’ resilience. It builds on Indigenous Peoples’ perspectives, experiences, and evidence from across the world. The Framework is timely as it serves as a practical guide on how to advance, in the case of Indigenous Peoples, the World Bank’s newly adopted commitment to support “Resilient Populations”, as described in Outcome Area Five of the World Bank Corporate Scorecard. At the same time, the World Bank has recently heightened its commitment to sustainability goals through adding “on a livable planet” to its mission statement, which historically focused only on poverty and inequality. This shift more closely aligns the World Bank with Indigenous Peoples’ world views and values. Finally, the Framework contributes a unique global public good to a development community that is increasingly recognizing Indigenous Peoples as critical partners in conserving the world’s ecosystems and addressing climate challenges. The primary objective of this Framework is to identify defining principles, internal drivers and external enablers that support Indigenous Peoples’ resilience to climate change and other external shocks. The Framework aims to promote Indigenous Peoples’ resilience by informing cross-sectoral policies and programs that could directly or indirectly bolster or undermine the drivers and enablers of Indigenous Peoples’ resilience.

Integrating scientific and Aboriginal knowledge, practice and priorities to conserve an endangered rainforest ecosystem in the Kimberley region, northern Australia

Resource Key: SVIZ96MP

Document Type: Journal Article

Creator:

Date: January 2022

Language: en

Australia’s diverse plants and animals evolved for tens of thousands of years with Aboriginal biocultural knowledge, land management and cultural practice. The interdependency of this biocultural knowledge and land management practice is still ecologically relevant today but is only recently being acknowledged in mainstream scientific conservation management processes and research. We present an example of cross-cultural collaborative management of the endangered monsoon vine thickets of the Dampier Peninsula, West Kimberley, northern Australia. These vine thickets occur as a network of over 80 patches in the lee of coastal dunes on the Peninsula, and are ecologically rich (containing 25% of Peninsula plant species) and culturally important for Peninsula Aboriginal groups for food, medicine, camping, cultural ceremonies and law. Adversely affected by land-clearing, weeds and wildfires, the vine thickets were listed as nationally endangered in 2013. The overlapping significance of the vine thickets by scientific and Aboriginal knowledge systems resulted in the formation of the Monsoon Vine Thicket Project in 2008 that aimed to document and conserve the ecosystem and its associated culture. The project has grown successfully over 13 years and has been guided by cross-cultural collaboration principles of respect for: cultural knowledge, practices and priorities; cultural knowledge holders; and long-term partnerships. The project has resulted in considerable outcomes in weed and fire management; seed collection, propagation and revegetation; community education; and the documentation, transfer and practice of Aboriginal biocultural knowledge. The greatest challenge for the project has been to better prioritise cultural activities, with examples provided of how this can increase benefits to both ecological conservation and cultural maintenance. The project’s strength was its cross-cultural approach and resultant respectful and trusting relationships that allowed for project flexibility and adaptation and for the collaborative partners to learn and develop capacity. The integration of cultural and scientific knowledge and practice resulted in greater conservation outcomes for monsoon vine thickets of the Dampier Peninsula, and we believe is an important cross-cultural model for ecosystem management elsewhere in Australia.

Cut-off and forgotten?: Livelihood disruption, social impacts and food insecurity arising from the East African Crude Oil Pipeline

Resource Key: HC7MRV8E

Document Type: Journal Article

Creator:

Date: April 2021

Language: en

We examined the Uganda section of the East African Crude Oil Pipeline (EACOP), especially the social and livelihood impacts from land acquisition. EACOP, which will cost over USD $3.5 billion in total, is intended to transport crude oil from Hoima in the Albertine Graben region of Uganda to Tanga in Tanzania, a distance of 1443 kms. A multi-methods approach was used, including 86 in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, participant observation, and document analysis. Although by late 2020 pipeline construction had not commenced, route planning and land acquisition for the pipeline had already created many environmental and social impacts, including: physical displacement; resettlement; economic displacement; disputed valuations; delayed compensation; livelihood disruption; food insecurity; and uncertainty, fear and anxiety. The likely benefits of the project include: employment opportunities (although these will mostly be short term); improved infrastructure and accessibility; and oil revenue to the nation. A major issue has been delays to the project, which have exacerbated anxiety and livelihood impacts. Confusion has occurred around the meaning and implementation of the ‘cut-off date’. To gain a social licence to operate, we recommend that all stakeholders give greater consideration to addressing the negative environmental and social impacts, and to augmenting project benefits. We also recommend that the international standards and procedures used in project land acquisition pay more attention to how the cut-off date is explained to and understood by local communities, and how it is operationalised, especially in relation to subsistence farming activities.

Empowering young Aboriginal women to care for Country: Case study of the Ngukurr Yangbala rangers, remote northern Australia

Resource Key: KUMGGT99

Document Type: Journal Article

Creator:

Date: January 2022

Language: en

Globally, the role of women in conservation is gaining attention with increasing initiatives to support gender equity in environmental management and decision-making. In Australia, the role of Aboriginal women in natural and cultural resource management employed as rangers is also gaining recognition; however, female employment in this field remains underrepresented. This paper reflects on a cross-cultural partnership aimed at empowering young Aboriginal women in natural and cultural resource management, locally known as caring for Country, in Arnhem Land, a remote Aboriginal owned region of northern Australia. The project was led by local Ngukurr community Ngandi Elder and lead author, Mrs Daniels, and Macquarie University researchers who co-designed and co-delivered activities according to five project aims: (i) Community involvement; (ii) Biocultural research / learning on Country; (iii) Leadership and confidence building; (iv) Knowledge maintenance; and (v) Capacity building. Over three years of the project, over 60 youth participated in a range of on-Country and cultural learning, leadership and capacity building activities including cross-cultural biodiversity surveys, wetland monitoring, traditional language and knowledge recording and culture camps. Participant feedback and a biocultural learning assessment task noted growth in confidence, biocultural knowledge and desire for continuation of youth empowerment programs in conservation. To facilitate gender equity in Aboriginal natural and cultural resource management, structural and sustained support of women’s empowerment and leadership, driven by local women with support of local communities, is required.

Rethinking Urban Risk and Resettlement in the Global South

Resource Key: H7889HYB

Document Type: Book

Creator:

Place: London

Date: 10 June 2021

Language: en

Environmental changes have significant impacts on people’s lives and livelihoods, particularly the urban poor and those living in informal settlements. In an effort to reduce urban residents’ exposure to climate change and hazards such as natural disasters, resettlement programmes are becoming widespread across the Global South. While resettlement may reduce a region’s future climate-related disaster risk, it often increases poverty and vulnerability, and can be used as a reason to evict people from areas undergoing redevelopment.

A collaboration between the Bartlett Development Planning Unit at UCL, the Indian Institute for Human Settlements and the Latin American Social Science Faculty, Rethinking Urban Risk and Resettlement in the Global South collates the findings from ‘Reducing Relocation Risks’, a research project that studied urban areas across India, Uganda, Peru, Colombia and Mexico. The findings are augmented with chapters by researchers with many years of insight into resettlement, property rights and evictions, who offer cases from Monserrat, Cambodia, Philippines and elsewhere.

The contributors collectively argue that the processes for making and implementing decisions play a large part in determining whether outcomes are socially just, and examine various value systems and strategies adopted by individuals versus authorities. Considering perceptions of risk, the volume offers a unique way to think about economic assessments in the context of resettlement and draws parallels between different country contexts to compare fully urbanised areas with those experiencing urban growth. It also provides an opportunity to re-think how disaster risk management can better address the accumulation of urban risks through urban planning.

Resettlement with People First: Counterfactual Pathways

Resource Key: ZTDMKCAH

Document Type: Book

Creator:

Place: Oxfordshire

Date: 2024

Language: en

Should people in the way lose out as new reservoirs, mines, plantations, or superhighways displace them from their homes and livelihoods? What if the process of resettlement were made accountable to those impacted, empowering them to achieve just outcomes and to share in the benefits of development projects? This book seeks to answer these questions, putting forward powerful counterfactual case studies to assess what problems real-world development projects would likely have avoided if the project had included the affected people in decision making about whether and how they should resettle.

Drawing on contributions from leading and emerging scholars from around the world, this book considers cases involving dams, mines, roads, and housing, amongst others, from Asia, Africa, and South America. In each case, the counterfactual approach invites us to reconsider how the dynamics of accountability play out through resettlement hazards and the asymmetries of power relations in the negotiation of displacement benefits and redress. Considering a range of theoretical and ethical perspectives, the book concludes with practical, alternative policy suggestions for displacement arising both from development and from slow onset climate change.

This book’s novel approach focussing on the people’s agency in the dynamics of governance, accountability, and (dis)empowerment in development projects with displacement and resettlement will appeal to academic researchers, development practitioners, and policymakers.

Resettling Displaced Communities: Applying the International Standard for Involuntary Resettlement

Resource Key: IPWN9IV5

Document Type: Book

Creator:

Place: Lanham, Maryland

Date: October 2020

Language: en

Global trends suggest that the number of people involuntarily displaced will increase exponentially in the coming decades. The authors argue that when the agency, time-tested adaptations, innovative capacities, dignity, and human rights of displaced people are respected as full participants in the rebuilding of their communities, livelihoods and standards of living, resettlement outcomes are more positive. The goal of resettlement must be the sustainable social, economic and human development of affected communities, requiring a praxis of ethical commitment to effective, actionable recommendations based on empirical observation. The authors draw on case examples from Asia, Africa and the Americas. This book will be of interest to resettlement specialists, planners, administrators, nongovernmental and civil society organizations, and scholars and students of anthropology, sociology, development studies, and social policy.

Resettlement in Asian Countries: Legislation, Administration and Struggles for Rights

Resource Key: 4EMHBFSZ

Document Type: Book

Creator:

Place: Oxfordshire

Date: 2022

Language: en

This book examines land acquisition and resettlement experience in Asian countries, where nearly two-thirds of the world’s development-induced displacement currently takes place. Faced with the complexity of balancing legal frameworks and resettlement needs, along with increasing demands for safeguarding displaced peoples, in recent years many countries within Asia have adopted integrated land and resettlement laws. This book presents a comparative review and assessment of the impact of the new land and resettlement laws and regulatory frameworks for expropriation, compensation and resettlement.

Written by an international, interdisciplinary team of experts from both practice and academia, the book demonstrates the ongoing challenges and struggles associated with social and resettlement risk assessments, the social and cultural exclusion of indigenous/vulnerable groups in some countries, and the lack of institutional capacity to adequately deal with resettlement management and administration. The case studies and comparative analyses of laws and practices relating to expropriation, compensation and resettlement make significant contributions to advancing resettlement knowledge and management practices.

The book will be useful as a reference for development practitioners and for researchers across the fields of global development, political science, Asian studies, planning and law. The book also has potential use as a resource for resettlement management training programs and graduatelevel courses/seminars in development studies.

Influential Indigenous voices? Evaluating cultural impact assessment effectiveness in Aotearoa New Zealand

Resource Key: MCAQWR2T

Document Type: Journal Article

Creator:

Date: July 2023

Language: en

In Aotearoa New Zealand, Māori have prepared their own impact assessments for three decades. Yet, there has been no evaluation of effectiveness. Asking practitioners and experts to reflect on their experiences with Cultural Impact Assessment (CIA), we addressed the question ‘how far do CIA go to deliver outcomes Māori define as positive’? Interweaving Indigenous lived experiences with Indigenous theory, we undertook a critical analysis of CIA effectiveness. We found that CIA are delivering positive outcomes, but these are highly variable, and fall short of substantial outcomes consistent with the partnership and the dual planning framework envisioned by the Treaty of Waitangi. To be effective, CIA functions best when it is Indigenous-led and – in the wider Aotearoa New Zealand planning and impact assessment framework – also Treaty-led. The Māori experience contributes to the developing international field of Indigenous IA.

Explaining outcomes from negotiated agreements in Australia and Canada

Resource Key: 2S8QGXJW

Document Type: Journal Article

Creator:

Date: March 2021

Language: en

Empirical research demonstrates the highly variable outcomes resulting from Impact and Benefit Agreements (IBAs) between industry and Indigenous peoples in Australia and Canada. Differences in outcomes are far from trivial. Some Indigenous groups are reaping substantial economic benefits from agreements, while at the same time achieving a significant role in environmental management and adding to existing legal protection of Indigenous cultural heritage. Other agreements generate few economic benefits and do little to help minimise adverse cultural or environmental impacts. Some agreements impose significant constraints on exercise of Indigenous procedural rights under general legislation, others contain no such constraints. It is vital to explain such differences in outcomes in order to establish how more positive agreements can be achieved by all Indigenous peoples. This article argues that Indigenous political mobilisation, rather than any inherent flaws in the mechanisms of IBAs or differences in legal regimes, is vital in explaining variable outcomes. It considers how Indigenous capacity for political mobilisation can be enhanced and applied to negotiation of IBAs.

Indigenous experiences of impact assessment and development projects: lessons from the Aashukan exchange

Resource Key: CM7VHN2M

Document Type: Journal Article

Creator:

Date: 2023

Language: en

How can Indigenous peoples and practitioners engage Impact Assessment as a collaborative learning process that enables communities to affect and influence the design of development projects and their management systems? How to create conversations between Indigenous peoples in order to craft a message/voice in relation to developers? This article summarizes lessons learned from ‘Aashukan’ an Indigenous exchange organized on James Bay Cree lands, Northern Québec, Canada in conjunction with the IAIA Conference in 2017. It presents the context, objectives, processes, and outcomes of this workshop in relation to the Impact Assessment community and discusses future directions.

Understanding the fundamentals of the Social Licence to Operate: Its evolution, current state of development and future avenues for research

Resource Key: PBGM469R

Document Type: Journal Article

Creator:

Date: March 2021

Language: en

The field of studies on social licence to operate (SLO) has grown considerably over the past two decades, leading to the emergence of new approaches, models, and theoretical development. This paper aims to organise, map, and analyse the evolution of SLO over its years of existence. We seek to understand the theoretical body that supports the concept; the rationality of the adopted trajectories for its scientific development; and the most influential studies that have guided these trajectories. A multi-method approach was applied in the procedure adopted to map the evolution of SLO, analysing international academic publications over the last 24 years (1996–2019). This has been achieved through a systematic, longitudinal literature review using citation and co-citation analysis; bibliometric techniques and social network analysis, combined with a thematic analysis of the complete articles. The results from citations show that SLO evolution can be organised into five broadly representative stages, categorised as Historical Bases (1996–2002); SLO Recognition (2003–2006); First Management Models (2007–2011); Evolution of SLO Models and Initial Critical Studies (2012–2016); and Critical Studies and Increasing Complexity (2017–2019). We discuss the clusters formed by co-citation analysis, which is the theoretical body adopted by the authors, allowing the identifying of “invisible colleges”, which can be understood as the formation of conceptual lines used by the authors to support SLO. A comparative analysis of clusters generated by stages of evolution shows that while early research drew heavily on other fields, such as anthropology and engineering, studies primarily focused on citing SLO literature are identified as emerging from 2017, 21 years after the publication of the first identified publication (1996). Thus, SLO emerges as a self-sufficient field of knowledge, no-longer borrowing knowledge from other fields for itis intellectual development. Studies become theoretically based, with more rigor as the search for SLO management models continue. The organisation and analysis of this knowledge contributes to understanding the historical foundations of SLO, making the tracing of SLO trends possible while providing a broader understanding of the SLO literature that can assist and guide future research directions.

Comparing reflexive and assertive approaches to social licence and social impact assessment

Resource Key: ALW3D6WW

Document Type: Journal Article

Creator:

Date: June 2021

Language: en

The idea of embedding social licence in mining practices is attractive because it suggests a formalisation, institutionalisation, or integration of social concerns with more well-established biophysical, environmental, and economic concerns, and thereby a sensitivity to power relations. Social impact assessment can be seen as a practical framework for operationalising this social licence through reflexive social science, but it suffers when proponents misuse social science to ‘assert’ community approval. Our two case studies of proposed coal and coal-seam-gas mining in New South Wales, Australia, illustrate some differences between ‘reflexive’ and ‘assertive’ approaches to SIA and social licence. Assertive approaches tend to use data selectively and/or misleadingly in an effort to ‘prove’ high community approval, and make unsubstantiated truth claims. Reflexive approaches are methodologically rigorous, procedurally fair, transparent, inclusive, and impartial. Reflexive approaches are more likely to prevail when institutional arrangements include professional independence, leading-practice guidance, and a supportive regulatory environment.

Introducción al monitoreo ambiental comunitario: lineamientos prácticos para el monitoreo de los recursos naturales por parte de Pueblos Indígenas y comunidades locales

Resource Key: FRFLK3MV

Document Type: Report

Creator:

Place: Moreton-in-Marsh, UK

Institution: Transformative Pathways, Forest Peoples Programme

Date: 2024

Language: es

Esta guía es para las organizaciones locales que trabajan con comunidades (p. ej. organizaciones comunitarias y organizaciones no gubernamentales locales), que facilitan a los Pueblos Indígenas y Comunidades Locales (PIs y CLs) el diseño e implementación de actividades de monitoreo ambiental y de biodiversidad en sus tierras. La guía incluye enfoques y consideraciones para todos los aspectos del monitoreo ambiental, pero con un enfoque particular en el monitoreo de la biodiversidad en respuesta a las necesidades y prioridades establecidas por los socios del Proyecto Caminos de Transformación. En términos generales, el monitoreo de la biodiversidad suele estar motivado por la preocupación de garantizar su persistencia a largo plazo, ya sea porque la valoramos por sí misma o para garantizar el uso sostenible de la biodiversidad como recurso. También puede estar motivado por el deseo de comprender los impactos positivos y negativos de las actividades humanas en la biodiversidad, de desarrollar prácticas más sostenibles o de proporcionar evidencia de que las prácticas existentes de los PIs y CLs están apoyando la biodiversidad, para personas u organizaciones fuera de las comunidades. A pesar del creciente énfasis dentro de las políticas y prácticas de conservación en facilitar que los PIs y CLs participen en programas de conservación y uso sostenible, y a pesar de la conciencia de la necesidad de encontrar puntos en común más profundos entre los valores y prioridades occidentales e indígenas a menudo aparentemente divergentes y enfocarse en defender los derechos de las personas, la realidad sobre el terreno generalmente no refleja estas aspiraciones. Para abordar esta brecha, los PIs y CLs pueden desear monitorear su biodiversidad y buscar apoyo técnico para hacerlo, así como informar sobre ella de una manera que les sea útil y que también esté en línea con enfoques de conservación externos. Sin apoyo externo, puede resultar difícil para algunos incorporar datos de monitoreo recopilados localmente en los indicadores nacionales e internacionales del estado de la biodiversidad, ya sea porque las vías para hacerlo no están claras, los datos recopilados no se consideran robustos o porque no encajan con las prioridades o métodos de los actores externos de conservación. Hemos desarrollado esta guía para ayudar a las organizaciones locales que trabajan con los PIs y CLs a desarrollar programas de monitoreo comunitario en los bosques. Estos programas a menudo cierran la brecha entre la gestión de la biodiversidad de los pueblos indígenas y las comunidades locales y las políticas y prácticas externas. Nuestra guía le lleva a través de las etapas clave del diseño e implementación de una estrategia de monitoreo de la biodiversidad, incluyendo consejos prácticos e indicaciones hacia otros recursos, para que pueda construir una comprensión de la variedad de enfoques que se pueden utilizar para el monitoreo de la biodiversidad. Aunque las etapas se establecen secuencialmente, será necesario avanzar y retroceder a medida que la comunidad refine su plan para lograr sus objetivos de monitoreo, dependiendo de los recursos disponibles. Al producir esta guía, esperamos ayudar a combinar lo mejor de los conocimientos y valores occidentales y tradicionales, que son igualmente válidos y están arraigados en diversos grados y formas en las prácticas ancestrales de las comunidades de los pueblos indígenas. Esta guía está destinada a ser utilizada cuando una comunidad ha expresado su deseo de monitorear la biodiversidad, pero desea apoyo o facilitación adicional para hacerlo. Esta guía tiene como objetivo ayudar a las comunidades a monitorear tanto la biodiversidad de importancia local para fines socioculturales y económicos, como la biodiversidad de interés para la conservación externa, como las especies protegidas por regulaciones y acuerdos nacionales e internacionales. Al monitorear la biodiversidad de importancia tanto para las comunidades locales como para una audiencia conservacionista más amplia, los PIs y las CLs pueden demostrar más claramente su rol como custodios ambientales, incluyendo para apoyar sus reclamos territoriales, entre otras cosas demostrando que son los mejores guardianes de sus tierras ancestrales. Posibilitar que las organizaciones locales faciliten y apoyen mejor a los pueblos indígenas y las comunidades locales promoverá esfuerzos de monitoreo comunitario más sólidos. A su vez, las comunidades estarán mejor equipadas para desarrollar y gestionar independientemente programas de monitoreo comunitario y planes comunitarios de uso de la tierra. También podrán contribuir con evidencia sólida sobre el estado de la biodiversidad en sus tierras para ayudar a dar forma a la política de conservación local, nacional e internacional, así como contribuir de manera práctica a la conservación de la biodiversidad y el uso sostenible de los recursos naturales. Hemos desarrollado esta guía práctica paso a paso para usar en proyectos comunitarios dentro del proyecto Caminos de Transformación y a nivel mundial. Esta guía es parte de una serie que se está desarrollando como parte del proyecto Caminos de Transformación y estará acompañada de materiales y recursos de capacitación adicionales que las comunidades y organizaciones locales pueden aprovechar para satisfacer sus necesidades: transformativepathways.net

Utangulizi wa ufuatiliaji wa mazingira unaozingatia jamii: miongozo ya vitendo ya ufuatiliaji wa maliasili unaofanywa na jamii asilia na jumuiya za wenyeji

Resource Key: F43T3T5H

Document Type: Report

Creator:

Place: Moreton-in-Marsh, UK

Institution: Transformative Pathways, Forest Peoples Programme

Date: 2024

Language: swahili

Mwongozo huu ni kwa ajili ya mashirika ya ndani yanayofanya kazi na jumuiya (k.m. mashirika ya kijamii na mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali ya ndani), ambayo yanawezesha jamii asilia na Jumuiya ya wenyeji (IPs na LCs) kubuni na kutekeleza shughuli za ufuatiliaji wa mazingira na bayoanuwai kwenye ardhi zao. Mwongozo huu unajumuisha mbinu na mazingatio kwa nyanja zote za ufuatiliaji wa mazingira, lakini kwa kuzingatia hasa ufuatiliaji wa bayoanuwai katika kukabiliana na mahitaji na vipaumbele vilivyowekwa na washirika wa Mradi wa Transformative Pathways. Kwa ujumla, ufuatiliaji wa bayoanuwai mara nyingi huchochewa na wasiwasi ili kuhakikisha uendelevu wake wa muda mrefu, ama kwa sababu tunauthamini kwa ajili yake au kuhakikisha matumizi endelevu ya bayoanuwai kama rasilimali. Inaweza pia kuchochewa na hamu ya kuelewa athari chanya na hasi za shughuli za binadamu kwenye bayoanuwai, kukuza mazoea endelevu zaidi, au kutoa ushahidi kwamba mazoea yaliyopo ya jamii asilia na jumuiya ya wenyeji yanaunga mkono bayoanuwai, kwa watu au mashirika nje ya jamii. Licha ya kuongezeka kwa msisitizo ndani ya sera na mazoezi ya uhifadhi katika kuwezesha jamii asilia na Jumuiya ya wenyeji (IPs na LCs) kushiriki katika uhifadhi na programu za matumizi endelevu, na licha ya ufahamu wa hitaji la kupata maelewano ya kina kati ya maadili na vipaumbele vinavyoonekana mara nyingi vya Magharibi na asilia na kuzingatia haki za watu, ukweli juu ya ardhi mara nyingi hauakisi matarajio haya. Ili kushughulikia pengo hili, jamii asilia na Jumuiya ya wenyeji (IPs na LCs) zinaweza kutaka kufuatilia bayoanuwai zao na kutafuta usaidizi wa kiufundi kufanya hivyo, na pia kutoa ripoti juu yake kwa njia ambayo ni muhimu kwao na ambayo pia inaambatana na mbinu za uhifadhi wa nje. Bila usaidizi kutoka nje, inaweza kuwa vigumu kwa wengine kuingiza data za ufuatiliaji zilizokusanywa ndani ya nchi katika viashiria vya kitaifa na kimataifa vya hali ya bayoanuwai, ama kwa sababu njia za kufanya hivyo haziko wazi, data zinazokusanywa hazizingatiwi kuwa thabiti au kwa sababu hazizingatiwi kuendana na vipaumbele au mbinu za watendaji wa uhifadhi wa nje. Tumeunda mwongozo huu ili kusaidia mashirika ya ndani yanayofanya kazi na jamii asilia na Jumuiya ya wenyeji (IPs na LCs) kuunda programu za ufuatiliaji wa kijamii katika misitu. Programu hizi mara nyingi huziba pengo kati ya usimamizi wa bioanuwai wa jamii asilia na Jumuiya ya wenyeji na sera na mazoea ya nje. Mwongozo wetu unakupitisha katika hatua muhimu za kubuni na kutekeleza mkakati wa ufuatiliaji wa bayoanuwai, ikijumuisha vidokezo vya vitendo na uwekaji ishara kwa rasilimali nyingine, ili uweze kujenga uelewa wa mbinu mbalimbali zinazoweza kutumika kwa ufuatiliaji wa viumbe hai. Ingawa hatua zimepangwa kwa kufuatana, utahitaji kurudi nyuma na kusonga mbele huku jamii ikiboresha mpango wake ili kufikia malengo yake ya ufuatiliaji, kutegemeana na rasilimali zilizopo. Kwa kutoa mwongozo huu, tunatumai kusaidia kuchanganya maarifa na maadili bora zaidi ya kimagharibi na kimapokeo, ambayo ni halali kwa usawa, na yamekita mizizi katika viwango na miundo tofauti katika desturi za mababu za jumuiya za jamii asilia
Mwongozo huu unakusudiwa kutumiwa wakati jamii imeonyesha nia ya kufuatilia bayoanuwai, lakini inataka usaidizi wa ziada au uwezeshaji kufanya hivyo. Mwongozo huu unalenga kusaidia jamii kufuatilia bayoanuwai za umuhimu wa ndani kwa madhumuni ya kijamii na kiutamaduni na kiuchumi, na bayoanuwai ya uhifadhi wa nje, kama vile spishi zinazolindwa na kanuni na makubaliano ya kitaifa na kimataifa. Kwa kufuatilia bayoanuwai ya umuhimu kwa jamii na hadhira pana zaidi ya uhifadhi, jamii asilia na Jumuiya ya wenyeji zinaweza kuonyesha kwa uwazi zaidi jukumu lao kama wasimamizi wa mazingira, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuunga mkono madai yao ya ardhi, pamoja na mambo mengine kwa kuonyesha kwamba wao ndio walinzi bora wa ardhi ya mababu zao. Kuwezesha mashirika ya ndani kuwezesha na kuunga mkono jamii asilia na Jumuiya ya wenyeji vyema zaidi kutakuza juhudi thabiti zaidi za ufuatiliaji wa kijamii. Kwa upande mwingine, jamii zitakuwa na vifaa bora zaidi vya kuunda na kusimamia kwa kujitegemea programu za ufuatiliaji wa jamii na mipango ya matumizi ya ardhi ya jamii. Pia wataweza kuchangia ushahidi thabiti kuhusu hali ya bayoanuwai kwenye ardhi zao ili kusaidia kuunda sera ya uhifadhi wa ndani, kitaifa na kimataifa, na pia kuchangia kivitendo katika uhifadhi wa bayoanuwai na matumizi endelevu ya maliasili. Tumeunda mwongozo huu wa vitendo wa hatua kwa hatua kwa matumizi katika miradi ya jamii ndani ya mradi wa Transformative Pathways na kimataifa. Mwongozo huu ni sehemu ya mfululizo unaotayarishwa kama sehemu ya mradi wa Transformative Pathways, na utaambatana na nyenzo za ziada za mafunzo na rasilimali ambazo jumuiya na mashirika ya eneo hilo yanaweza kutumia ili kukidhi mahitaji yao: transformativepathways.net

Introduction à la surveillance environnementale communautaire : guide pratique pour la surveillance des ressources naturelles par les peuples autochtones et les communautés locales

Resource Key: X48XPXXI

Document Type: Report

Creator:

Place: Moreton-in-Marsh, UK

Institution: Transformative Pathways, Forest Peoples Programme

Date: 2024

Language: french

Ce guide est destiné aux organisations locales travaillant auprès des communautés (par ex. organismes communautaires et organisations non gouvernementales locales qui accompagnent les peuples autochtones et les communautés locales (PACL) dans la conception et la mise en œuvre d’activités de surveillance de l’environnement et de la biodiversité sur leurs terres. Il présente des approches et traite de tous les aspects de la surveillance environnementale, mais en mettant particulièrement l’accent sur la surveillance de la biodiversité en réponse aux besoins et aux priorités établis par les partenaires du projet Solutions transformatrices. En général, la surveillance de la biodiversité est souvent motivée par le souci d’assurer sa persistance à long terme, soit parce qu’elle nous apparaît importante en soi ou pour assurer l’utilisation durable de la biodiversité en tant que ressource. Elle peut également être motivée par le désir de comprendre les impacts positifs et négatifs des activités humaines sur la biodiversité, de mettre au point des pratiques plus durables ou de démontrer aux populations ou organisations extérieures aux communautés que les pratiques existantes des peuples autochtones et des communautés locales favorisent la biodiversité. Bien que les politiques et pratiques de conservation visent de plus en plus à faciliter la participation des peuples autochtones et des communautés locales aux programmes de conservation et d’utilisation durable, et bien que la nécessité de mieux concilier les valeurs occidentales et autochtones apparemment divergentes et de mettre l’accent sur la défense des droits des peuples soit reconnue, la réalité sur le terrain ne traduit souvent pas ces aspirations. Pour combler cet écart, les peuples autochtones et les communautés locales (PACL) pourraient vouloir surveiller leur biodiversité et obtenir le soutien technique nécessaire, et en faire rapport d’une manière qui leur soit utile et qui soit aussi conforme aux approches de conservation extérieures. Sans soutien extérieur, il pourrait être difficile pour certains d’introduire des données de surveillance recueillies localement dans les indicateurs nationaux et internationaux de l’état de la biodiversité, soit parce que les voies pour ce faire ne sont pas claires, que les données recueillies ne sont pas considérées entièrement fiables ou qu’elles ne correspondent pas aux priorités ou aux méthodes des acteurs de la conservation. Nous avons élaboré ce guide pour aider les organisations locales travaillant auprès des PACL à mettre en place des programmes de surveillance communautaire dans les forêts. Ces programmes viennent souvent combler l’écart entre la gestion de la biodiversité assurée par les peuples autochtones et les communautés locales et les politiques et pratiques extérieures. Notre guide vous présente les principales étapes de la conception et de la mise en œuvre d’une stratégie de surveillance de la biodiversité, ainsi que des conseils pratiques et des indications vers d’autres ressources, pour que vous puissiez mieux comprendre les diverses approches pouvant servir à la surveillance de la biodiversité. Bien que les étapes soient présentées consécutivement, il vous faudra avancer et revenir en arrière à mesure que la communauté affinera son plan pour atteindre ses objectifs de surveillance en fonction des ressources disponibles. En produisant ce guide, nous espérons contribuer à conjuguer le meilleur des connaissances et valeurs occidentales et traditionnelles, qui sont tout aussi valables, et qui sont fondées à différents degrés et sous différentes formes sur les pratiques ancestrales des communautés autochtones. Ce guide est conçu pour être utilisé quand une communauté a exprimé le désir de surveiller la biodiversité, mais qu’elle veut avoir un soutien et un accompagnement supplémentaires à cette f in. Il vise à aider les communautés à surveiller tant la biodiversité d’importance locale à des fins socioculturelles et économiques que la biodiversité d’intérêt pour le milieu de la conservation, telles que les espèces protégées par les règlements et accords nationaux et internationaux. En surveillant la biodiversité d’importance tant pour les communautés locales que pour la communauté plus large de la conservation, les PACL peuvent démontrer plus clairement leur rôle de gestionnaires de l’environnement, notamment pour renforcer leurs revendications territoriales, entre autres en démontrant qu’ils sont les meilleurs gardiens de leurs terres ancestrales. Le fait de permettre aux organisations locales de mieux accompagner et soutenir les PACL favorisera le renforcement des efforts de surveillance communautaire. En retour, les communautés seront mieux outillées pour assurer de façon autonome la mise en place et la gestion de programmes de surveillance communautaires et de plans communautaires d’utilisation des terres. Elles pourront aussi apporter des données solides sur l’état de la biodiversité sur leurs terres pour aider à donner forme aux politiques de conservation locales, nationales et internationales et contribuer concrètement à la conservation de la biodiversité et à l’utilisation durable des ressources naturelles. Nous avons mis au point ce guide pratique détaillé pour qu’il soit utilisé dans les projets communautaires au sein du projet Solutions transformatrices et à l’échelle mondiale. Ce guide fait partie d’une série en cours d’élaboration dans le cadre du projet Solutions transformatrices et sera accompagné de matériel et de ressources de formation supplémentaires où pourront puiser les communautés et organisations locales pour répondre à leurs besoins : transformativepathways.net

แนะนำสู่การกำกับติดตามสิ่งแวดล้อมบนฐานชุมชน: เครื่องชี้ทางปฏิบัติสำาหรับการกำากับติดตามทรัพยากรธรรมชาติโดยชนเผ่าพื้นเมือง และชุมชนท้องถิ่น

Resource Key: CWGMIHQ7

Document Type: Report

Creator:

Place: Moreton-in-Marsh, UK

Institution: Transformative Pathways, Forest Peoples Programme

Date: 2024

Language: thai

หลากหลายทางชวภาพของความเกี ่ยวข้องในการอนุรักษ์จากภายนอก อาทิเชนสายพันธุ ์ที ่ได้รับการคุ ้มครองโดย ระเบียบข้อบังคับและความตกลงระดับชาติและนานาชาติ โดยการกำากับติดตามความหลากหลายทางชวภาพของความ สำาคัญทังต่อชุมชนท้องถินและต่อบรรดาผู้รับการอนุรักษ์ที ่กวางขวาง ชนเผ่าพื ้นเมืองและชุมชนท้องถินสามารถ แสดงให้เห็นได้อย่างชดเจนมากขึ ้นถึงบทบาทของพวกตนในฐานะผู้พิทักษ์สิงแวดล้อม รวมทังเพื ่อสนับสนุนการอ้าง สิทธิในที ่ดินของพวกเขา โดยแสดงให้เห็นวาพวกเขาเป็นผู้พิทักษ์ที ่ดินบรรพชนที ่ดีที ่สุด การเสริมความสามารถให้แก่องค์กรท้องถินให้เอื ้ออำานวยและสนับสนุนชนเผ่าพื ้นเมืองและชุมชนท้องถินได้ดีขึ ้นจะส่ง เสริมความพยายามกำากับติดตามที ่แข็งแกร่งยิงขึ ้น ในทางกลับกัน ชุมชนชนเผ่าพื ้นเมืองและชุมชนท้องถินจะมีความ พร้อมมากขึ ้นในการพัฒนาและจัดการแผนงานกำากับติดตามของชุมชนและแผนการใชที ่ดินของชุมชนโดยอิสระ พวก เขายังจะสามารถมีส่วนในหลักฐานที ่ดีเกี ่ยวกับสภาพของความหลากหลายทางชวภาพในที ่ดินของพวกเขาเพื ่อชวย กำาหนดนโยบายการอนุรักษ์ในระดับท้องถิน ระดับชาติ และระดับนานาชาติ กับทังมีส่วนในทางปฏิบัติในการอนุรักษ์ ความหลากหลายทางชวภาพและการใชประโยชน์ทรัพยากรธรรมชาติอย่างยังยืน เราได้พัฒนาคู ่มือปฏิบัติทีละขันตอนเพื ่อใชในโครงการของชุมชนภายในโครงการวถีการเปลี ่ยนแปลงและในระดับโลก คู ่มือนี ้เป็นส่วนหนึ ่งของชุดที ่ได้ถูกพัฒนาเป็นส่วนหนึ ่งของโครงการวถีการเปลี ่ยนแปลง และจะมาพร้อมกับสื ่อการ ฝึกอบรมและทรัพยากรเพิมเติมที ่ชุมชนและองค์กรท้องถินสามารถนำาไปใชเพื ่อสนองตอบความต้องการของพวกเขา: transformativepathways.net

Introduction to community-based environmental monitoring: practical guidance for monitoring of natural resources by Indigenous Peoples and local communities

Resource Key: UTXIFZEF

Document Type: Report

Creator:

Place: Moreton-in-Marsh, UK

Institution: Transformative Pathways, Forest Peoples Programme

Date: 2024

This guide is intended for use when a community has expressed a desire to monitor biodiversity, but wants additional support or facilitation to do so. This guide aims to help communities monitor both biodiversity of local importance for socio-cultural and economic purposes, and biodiversity of external conservation concern, such as species protected by national and international regulations and agreements. By monitoring biodiversity of importance both to local communities and to a wider conservation audience, IPs and LCs can more clearly demonstrate their role as environmental stewards, including to support their land claims, inter alia by demonstrating that they are the best guardians of their ancestral lands. Enabling local organisations to better facilitate and support IPs and LCs will promote more robust community-based monitoring efforts. In turn, communities will be better equipped to independently develop and manage community monitoring programmes and community land-use plans. They will also be able to contribute sound evidence on the state of biodiversity on their lands to help shape local, national and international conservation policy, as well as contribute practically to biodiversity conservation and the sustainable use of natural resources. We have developed this practical step-by-step guide for use in community projects within the Transformative Pathways project and globally. This guide is part of a series being developed as part of the Transformative Pathways project, and will be accompanied by additional training materials and resources that local communities and organisations can draw on to meet their needs: transformativepathways.net

Linking land displacement and environmental dispossession to Mi’kmaw health and well-being: Culturally relevant place-based interpretive frameworks matter

Resource Key: J57DFFIC

Document Type: Journal Article

Creator:

Date: September 2020

Language: en

For over five decades, Pictou Landing First Nation, a small Mi’kmaw community on the northern shore of Nova Scotia, has been told that the health of its community is not impacted by a pulp and paper mill pouring 85 million litres of effluent per day into a lagoon that was once a culturally significant place known as “A’se’k,” and which borders the community. Based on lived experience, the community knows otherwise. Despite countless government- and industry-sponsored studies indicating the mill’s pollutants are merely “nuisance” impacts and harmless, the community’s concerns have not gone away. Using a “Piktukowaq” (Mi’kmaw) environmental health research framework to guide the interpretation of oral histories coming from the Knowledge Holders in Pictou Landing First Nation, we convey the deep, health-enhancing relationship with A’se’k that the Piktukowaq enjoyed before it was destroyed, and the health suppression that has occurred since then. Conducting the research using a culturally relevant place-based interpretive framework has demonstrated the absolute necessity of this kind of approach where Indigenous communities are concerned, particularly those facing health impacts vis-à-vis land displacement and environmental dispossession.

Promoting the Participation of Indigenous Peoples in Environmental Impact Assessment: Effectiveness of Akwé: Kon Guidelines in Finland

Resource Key: K3MM7QIP

Document Type: Journal Article

Creator:

Date: June 2021

Language: en

Indigenous peoples’ participation in public policy and planning is ascribed in numerous international and national legal instruments as essential to the realisation of their self-determination. This study examines how the Akwé: Kon guidelines (AK) can promote effective indigenous peoples participation in environmental management, especially during environmental impact assessment (EIA). Special focus is drawn on the Finnish context, home of the Sámi indigenous people. The study applies an effectiveness review package by Lee and Colley (1999), supplemented by interview and questionnaire surveys, to analyse how effective the AK have been. It was found that although they were useful in promoting further interaction of the Sámi with authorities, the AK did not address their most fundamental political and legal grievances. This leaves room for EIA policy and practice, in Finland and all other jurisdictions with indigenous peoples, to consider how they can more effectively harness the potentialities in AK.

The central role of Inuit Qaujimaningit in Nunavut’s impact assessment process

Resource Key: 67K6PI8R

Document Type: Journal Article

Creator:

Date: September 2020

Language: en

In impact assessment (IA) the value of different forms of knowledge is increasingly acknowledged, but implementation and practice challenges continue. In Nunavut, a territory in the Canadian Arctic, Indigenous knowledge plays a key role in understanding and defining environmental baselines and guiding the assessment process; however, even here there are needs and opportunities for improved treatment and use of Indigenous knowledge in assessment and decision-making. This paper outlines the central role of Inuit Qaujimaningit/Qaujimajatuqangit (IQ) (Inuit knowledge) in shaping and defining Nunavut’s impact assessment process. The work highlights the potential of the Nunavut process to provide a model for the use of Indigenous knowledge in IA, and of co-management or Indigenous-led impact assessment. Focus groups were held with board members and staff of the Nunavut Impact Review Board – the co-management board responsible for impact assessment in the territory. The results highlight the unique qualities of the impact assessment process in Nunavut and demonstrate how IQ is a crucial component of project review, notably its role in decision-making and for ensuring that the process is meaningful to communities. The results and recommendations have value to a range of other jurisdictions that are also working towards using Indigenous knowledge in environmental decision-making or even seeking to advance Indigenous-led impact assessment.

Conceptualizing Company Response to Community Protest: Principles to Achieve a Social License to Operate

Resource Key: 78D5EPYZ

Document Type: Journal Article

Creator:

Date: June 2019

Language: en

To gain a social license to operate and grow, companies should have e ective community engagement activities, social impact assessment processes, environmental and social impact management procedures, and human rights-compatible grievance redress mechanisms in place. In this way, environmental impacts and social impacts would likely be identified and addressed before issues escalate and social risk amplifies. Companies also need to treat communities with respect and be mindful of local culture. Where these things are not done, there will be no social license to operate. Protests are mechanisms by which a ected communities express their concerns and signal there is no social license. As argued in our previous work on conceptualizing social protests, protests are warning signs, as well as opportunities for companies to improve. Rather than let protest actions escalate, leading to violent confrontation and considerable cost and harm, companies should engage in meaningful dialogue with protesters. Unfortunately, company response is often inadequate or inappropriate. In this paper, we identify around 175 actions companies might take in relation to community protest, and we discuss how these actions variously have the potential to escalate or de-escalate conflict, depending on whether the company engages in appropriate and genuine interaction with protesters or if repressive measures are used. While e ective engagement will likely de-escalate conflict, ignoring or repressing protests tends to provoke stronger reactions from groups seeking to have their concerns heard. When companies address community concerns early, their social license to operate is enhanced. We also outline the primary international standards companies are expected to comply with, and we identify the key environmental, social, and governance issues (ESG principles) that should be respected.

Poverty and gender perspectives in marine spatial planning: lessons from Kwale County in coastal Kenya

Resource Key: E6UBPSDK

Document Type: Report

Creator:

Institution: UNESCO & Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management (SwAM)

Date: 2024

Language: en

Access to resources, opportunity and choice, power and voice, peace and conflict influence the evolution of poverty and gender roles in a community. These are further impacted by political and institutional arrangements, violence and insecurity, economic and social status, and environmental health. Planning and utilization of the coastal and seascape are expected to influence poverty outcomes in coastal zones of developing countries. These outcomes should be viewed from a gender lens to determine how the welfare of different gender and groupings, e.g., women, youth, and men in the coastal areas of developing countries, will be affected by coastal and seascape planning. One such marine spatial plan (MSP) is proposed in the coastal regions of Kenya. Once effected, the proposed MSP is likely to exclude the views and aspirations of the communities on planning and utilization of the marine space if views need to be clearly understood and articulated. To guard against the exclusion of the communities in the marine spatial plan, understanding the poverty and gender perspectives of these communities is imperative in determining how they would like the marine space planned and how they are likely to be influenced by the MSP. Using a sample of 452 households from Kwale County in Coastal Kenya, comprising 29% from Lunga Lunga, 23% from Matuga, and 48% from Msambweni sub-counties, primary data were collected to determine the communities’ livelihood sources, their proposals on how best to plan the marine space, and how they are likely to be influenced by proposed MSP. The survey data were supported by focused group discussions (FGDs) from 16 resource user groups. Findings show shared the common resources available in Kwale county include, marine resources, e.g., open waters, beaches, corals, seagrasses, and mangroves while coastal resources include farmlands, forests, settlements, minerals, and urban areas among others. The typical economic activities in the county include formal employment, tourism, fishing and fisheries related activities, crop and animal farming, small and peasantry trade, conservation, etc. Results also show mixed reactions on the abundance of the natural resources that communities depend on for their livelihoods, with some respondents indicating that the resources were dwindling due to extensive harvest. In contrast, others stated that there were fluctuations in the availability of the resources over time. Some respondents indicated that resources are being depleted due to changing climatic patterns, unsustainable fishing, e.g., use of ring nets, ineffective enforcement of existing rules, cutting down of trees along the river to pave the way for farming, etc., while others indicated that fishing was improving in the area. The respondents also indicated that they did not pay any money to access the resources, as the access was open and accessible. In some cases, however, the communities said that the access to the resources was governed by fishing laws.There were mixed reactions on whether women had the same opportunities in the community as men. Most men indicated that they had same opportunities as women, but women refuted the claim indicating that they experienced cultural and traditional barriers. Additionally, the opportunities available to men, in most cases were different from those available to women. For instance, in Gazi, the opportunities available for men included harvesting honey, fishing, and cutting of mangroves (when bans were lifted); while women practiced shrimp sourcing and bee keeping. Opportunities available to both men and women were fish trading, seaweed farming, and crop farming. The communities identified several issues that would prevent men, women, and youth from choosing any livelihood activity they would want to undertake. Some of these issues were delayed gratification/lack of instant benefits from the resources, cultural/traditional hindrances, inability to undertake certain livelihood activities e.g., lack of capital to start business enterprises, women shunning away from group responsibilities where men are involved, women wanting less committal positions with fewer responsibilities, etc. The communities were asked about the changes they were afraid of with the improved exploitation of the coastal areas and indicated that they feared land grabbing and evacuation due to proposed new developments, increase in pollution, uncertainties in benefit sharing when investments are made in the community, and their shrines being taken over by National Museums of Kenya as heritage sites. Others feared the destruction of seagrass beds by fisherfolk loss of employment, and increased poverty due to the lack of fishing boats could access deep sea fishing and enforcement of the gazettement of Diani area as a marine park which will take away their fishing areas. There were also of deterioration or degradation of seaweed farms, an increase in depth of the sea through dredging, which makes fishing harder, and more favorable treatment and permits to modern investors, e.g., Huawen fish processing factory, which has been licenced to use ring nets for anchovies whereas local fishers are not allowed to use the same.The communities in Kwale County have a variety of resource user associations, with the majority comprising of both women and men. In nearly all the resource user associations, women held leadership positions. In decision-making, the communities felt that women’s opinions were listened to, respected, and seriously considered on all matters. However, there were mixed reactions regarding women’s representation in national and county government administrations. Communities also indicated several challenges facing resource user associations, e.g., mistrust between members, between women and men of the groups/associations, and fishing beyond allocated fishing jurisdictions. The commonly reported conflicts included theft of fish from common project catch, fisherfolk and fish traders overpricing their catch during the recording of fish at landing sites, and some fisherfolk evading or failing to declare their catch. Boat operators were also reported as ferrying tourists belonging to hoteliers without the consent of the hoteliers, there was the sale of land without the consent of all members, corrupt practices in the groups with elections taking long to be conducted, and leaders not involving community members in times of decision making. Other sources of conflict were the removal of buoys serving as boundaries to community conserved area (CCA) by fisherfolk against the consent of the others and funds misappropriation/embezzlement and lack of transparency. The frequency of conflicts in these communities varied from group to group, with those of women in Makongeni and men in Chale occurring more frequently, while the rest took a long time to arise. The communities have devised different ways of resolving conflicts, including seeking the assistance from the County Fisheries department for Beach Management Units (BMUs), using internal group dispute resolution mechanisms, using court processes for land issues, suspending problematic members from associations, and addressing issues through the local administration.Most members of the communities in Kwale County were aware of the rules and regulations governing resource use and extraction, but some were not. The communities felt that there was laxity in enforcing these rules and regulations. They had developed local mechanisms, besides the formal ones by the government, to police the exploitation of the resources, e.g., use identification documents that give them some rights to exploit, and patrols to protect the mangrove forests from illegal extractors. Most people indicated that they knew their rights. Still there were mixed reactions on whether the local authorities, e.g., chiefs, ward representatives, and Members of the County Assembly (MCAs), respect the rights of the people, with the majority of the respondents indicating that local authorities respect their rights. At the same time a few said they do not. All communities indicated that there are different types of conflicts amongst resource users but rarely did the conflicts result in violence amongst individuals or groups. Nearly all communities indicated that they feel secure extracting resources. However, some feared the removal of seaweed farming ropes, theft of resources, and disruption of security by many youths who are into drugs.The communities also indicated that the cost of extraction of the resources has increased over the years. This high cost could be attributed to: resources becoming scarcer due to overexploitation, change in exploitation technologies, e.g., use of motorized boats, changing rainfall patterns and climate change, destruction of fishing habitats, high cost of living, competition (more people accessing of the resources), etc. In Kibwaga, for instance, there has been the destruction of the Kaya Tiwi which has robbed the community of the cultural value of praying in it. There is also drilling for mineral exploration which affected fish habitat such as corals and caused fish to migrate offshore. The communities also indicated some form of taxation by the county or national government on resources extracted. However, there were no extraction fees enforced at the community level. The communities used income from the extracted resources for general household expenditures with limited amounts spent on school fees since the County government had subsidized education and the cost of health for the community.Finally, most of the communities think about the future of the resources as they extract them and are conscious of the sustainability of the environment. At the current rate of resource extraction, the communities felt that the resources would still be available 20 years in the future provided the proper harvesting methods and tools are used. The communities were asked what is to be done to ensure sustainable extraction. Some suggested mangrove planting for carbon credits, seagrass conservation, and planting alternative trees such as Casuarina. In Makongeni and Chale, the communities suggested embracing alternatives, e.g., apiculture and mariculture. The groups in Kibuyuni advocated for the implementation of government-set regulations on resource use, and regulations of unwanted fishing gears e.g., spearguns. They also expressed their willingness to have motorized boats to fish in the deep sea and allow replenishment of the inshore waters. In Vanga, the communities were for awareness creation on resource extraction, community policing/enforcement, and adhering to set regulations e.g., a ban on cutting mangroves.

From mining to renewable energy: Lessons learnt from benefit sharing legislation for a just transition in Africa

Resource Key: E4VBYPWS

Document Type: Report

Creator:

Institution: Business &Human Rights Resource Centre

Date: August 2024

As the world rushes to meet the challenge of the climate crisis, global renewable energy capacity – and the transition mineral mining required to power it – is expanding at pace across all geographies. So too are increasing calls for a global transition to renewable energy that is not only fast but also fair: a shift that includes the creation of shared prosperity between state, private sector, and the frontline communities being asked to host vast renewable energy installations and transition mineral mines. This goes beyond traditional corporate social responsibility efforts and compensation for harms – long hallmarks of extractive industries – to direct benefit sharing mechanisms and initiatives, mandated by regulation. A number of countries in Africa have led the way, with governments and policy-makers embedding benefit-sharing models in laws governing both the mining and renewable energy sectors, from which states around the world – and perhaps particularly the Global South – can learn and take inspiration. The existence of such models is of critical importance. Evidence increasingly suggests the global energy shift currently risks veering dangerously off course from delivering a transition that is just and equitable. Across the renewable energy value chain, numerous instances of land and resource dispossession, displacement, livelihood destruction, community disintegration, criminalisation of leaders, and disempowerment of women and youth are surfacing, as documented by the Business & Human Rights Resource Centre’s (the Resource Centre) Transition Minerals Tracker, Just Transition Litigation Tracking Tool, and the Renewable Energy and Human Rights Benchmark. But a renewable energy value chain that respects and even promotes human rights through commitment to shared prosperity is possible, benefiting communities, companies and investors while enabling the urgent energy transition our planet needs. This briefing explores the relevant legislative frameworks from six African countries key to the global transition to renewable energy which seek to make mandatory private sector commitment to shared prosperity: Ghana, Kenya, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. The frameworks span both mining and renewable energy, and include mechanisms such as community development agreements, community development funds and co-ownership agreements. Key takeaways: Clear frameworks for community benefit sharing in the mining and renewable energy sectors – which go beyond governments’ basic social and economic obligations – are essential. These should include clear requirements of the private sector, beyond voluntary corporate social responsibility initiatives. Governments should introduce regulatory interventions and make such benefit sharing mandatory, as well as monitor enforcement; Laws should require safe, inclusive community participation in all stages of a project, from conception to implementation, and ensure full integration of communities into governance structures and administrative procedures; Legal frameworks should be capable of ensuring that benefit-sharing arrangements are truly responsive to community needs, and able to confer material and other benefits, as defined by communities, including on women; Communities must have access to proper technical and financial support to create appropriate legal entities and negotiate meaningful benefit sharing agreements that truly address community needs; Legislative initiatives which enhance local land control are critical, such as Sierra Leone’s ground-breaking 2023 laws that enshrines the right to community consent in the context of industrial developments. Recognition of Indigenous Peoples’ right to free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) is an essential starting point where the projects are on or near Indigenous Peoples’ lands and territories. Impacts of the laws for communities in these countries highlighted in this analysis appear to vary. This demonstrates that even well-designed benefit-sharing frameworks can fail without proper enforcement. This requires capacitated and committed agencies, and transparency around revenues earmarked for local community development. There is also a need to define the role of traditional leaders in benefit sharing negotiations and engagements with the state and corporations and to guard against common risks like elite capture and misappropriation of funds. Nevertheless, these examples from the African continent demonstrate the potential of existing legislative frameworks – and others like them – to contribute to an energy transition that is genuinely equitable, sustainable, and just – in Africa and beyond. As national pledges to triple renewable capacity by the end of the decade encourage rapid renewable energy installation and buoy global demand for transition minerals, this is not a moment too soon. The recent launch of the UN Secretary-General’s Panel on Critical Energy Transition Minerals in April 2024 is instructive, with a goal to “develop a set of common and voluntary principles to build trust, guide the transition and accelerate the race to renewables,” while ensuring resource-rich countries and communities “benefit the most” from the extraction of transition minerals. Legislation that ensures the protection and empowerment of vulnerable populations and fosters shared prosperity can help ensure such outcomes.

Engaging Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities, and Embracing Indigenous and Local Knowledge in Marine Spatial Planning. Volume 1 – Basic Concepts

Resource Key: M7A2UUS8

Document Type: Report

Creator:

Place: Paris, France

Institution: UNESCO

Date: 2024

Language: en

Acknowledging that Indigenous Peoples and local communities (IPLCs) hold vast knowledge about coastal-marine ecological systems which is often overlooked in marine/maritime spatial planning (MSP) initiatives, this publication aims to assist MSP practitioners in effectively involving IPLCs and including Indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) into MSP processes, while respecting universal human rights and internationally recognised ethical principles. It also seeks to foster co-management practices between governments and Indigenous Peoples and local communities in the development of MSP processes at the local level and to encourage MSP initiatives led by rights-holders inside their ancestral territories.The first section introduces the purposes and objectives of the publication. The second section presents essential international frameworks and ethical principles to be taken into consideration when engaging IPLCs and embracing ILK, including: the ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples (1989); the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007); relevant FAO guidelines targeting small-scale fishers and Indigenous Peoples; the Paris Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2015); protocols and frameworks related to the Convention on Biological Diversity; the Agreement under UNCLOS on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction (2023); and the UNESCO/UNEP-WCMC Practical Guidelines on working with ILK in National Ecosystem Assessments (2023). The third section outlines effective strategies for engaging IPLCs and including their knowledge systems in coastal and marine planning and management. It introduces fundamental concepts of social-ecological systems and emphasises the critical role of ILK in building social-ecological resilience. This section also suggests methods for including ILK into MSP, presents cases where Indigenous Peoples and local communities have been effectively involved in MSP, and details initiatives that grant IPLCs the authority to manage their customary marine territories. Furthermore, it discusses inclusive approaches to MSP as an opportunity to realise environmental justice in coastal-marine areas. The fourth section offers the final messages drawn from the reviewed literature.An extensive literature review was conducted to inform this publication, encompassing international guidelines, codes of conduct, academic papers, websites, and real-world case studies. Nevertheless, given the complexity of the theme, which involves multiple subjects such as marine spatial planning, marine governance, rights of Indigenous Peoples and local communities, small-scale fisheries and more, there is a clear understanding that this is an initial exploration and not an exhaustive work. This publication is considered a first, yet an important, exploration of MSP in this context, and revisions will be necessary as discussions continue to evolve. In parallel with this literature review, MSPglobal organised four international dialogues to discuss challenges and good practices related to this topic. Thus, it is highly recommended to read this publication alongside the outcome of these dialogues described in “Engaging Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities, and Embracing Indigenous and Local Knowledge in Marine Spatial Planning: Volume 2 – Good Practices”.

Engaging Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities, and Embracing Indigenous and Local Knowledge in Marine Spatial Planning. Volume 2 – Good Practices

Resource Key: DX7HPZPX

Document Type: Report

Creator:

Place: Paris, France

Institution: UNESCO

Date: 2024

Language: en

Recognizing that the rich knowledge held by Indigenous Peoples and local communities (IPLCs) regarding coastal-marine ecosystems is often overlooked in Marine Spatial Planning (MSP), the MSPglobal initiative of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), together with the Local and Indigenous Knowledge Systems (LINKS) programme of UNESCO, co-organized four international dialogues aimed at discussing challenges and good practices related to fostering the engagement of IPLCs and embracing Indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) in MSP processes. These four rounds of participatory meetings entitled “MSPglobal 2.0 Dialogues on Engaging Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities in Marine Spatial Planning” were held during the months of November and December of 2023 and involved 25 participants divided into two groups: Group 1 comprised mainly experts from Asia and the Pacific regions, and Group 2 comprised mainly experts from Africa and the Americas. The participants of the dialogues comprised representatives of research groups, MSP practitioners, governmental authorities, and a mix of Indigenous groups with experience in ocean management.This publication is a result of these dialogues and aims to support MSPglobal practitioners in engaging IPLCs and including ILK in MSP approaches. It also encourages co-management practices between governments and IPLCs at the local level and advocates for the development of MSP initiatives led by rights-holders, especially in areas where marine planning takes place within ancestral territories.This publication is divided into five parts. In Part 1, the purpose of this document, the procedures carried out to develop the participatory meetings and produce their outcomes, and the key concepts adopted are introduced. In Part 2, the challenges that may be encountered while including customary management systems in marine policies are presented. These challenges are grouped into seven interconnected topics. In Part 3, good practices for more inclusive and equitable marine spatial planning approaches are described. These are organized under overarching recommendations as well as specific recommendations for each phase of the MSP process. Cases studies illustrating real-world good practices provided by participants of the meetings are presented in Part 4. Finally, Part 5 of this publication addresses strategies for disseminating and implementing the outlined Good Practices.In parallel with this “Good Practices” publication (volume 2), MSPglobal also developed another publication (volume 1) aimed at describing Basic Concepts regarding the equitable and inclusive engagement of IPLCs and the consideration of ILK in MSP processes. This associated publication was prepared through a literature review of international guidelines, codes of conduct, academic papers, websites and real-world case studies addressing this topic. Therefore, it is highly recommended to read these Good Practices alongside the publication “Engaging Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities, and Embracing Indigenous and Local Knowledge in Marine Spatial Planning: Volume 1 – Basic Concepts” to gain a comprehensive understanding of the conceptual background behind the recommendations provided herein.

Assessing your social impact: A guide to developing an assessment approach that meets your challenges

Resource Key: K4962G4G

Document Type: Report

Creator:

Place: Paris

Institution: Avise

Date: June 2022

Language: en

Social impact assessment is a key challenge for enterprises in the social and solidarity economy (SSE), which place social and environmental goals at the heart of their actions. It can be used to analyse other forms of value creation that go beyond financial value alone, particularly contributions to ecological and social transition. This is not possible with con ventional business management tools that focus on purely economic factors. This assessment serves very different objectives. While it is often used to report activities to stake holders, it is also a strategic tool to better understand and explain an organisation’s social utility, motivate stakeholders, and more. It is crucial for all SSE enter prises to be able to grasp their impact in a structured way and make this dynamic a lasting part of their business model. But how to get started? How to find your way among all the methods and tools available? Which means and resources should you mobilise to achieve relevant results, while keeping operations running smoothly? Designed for leaders of organisations and their teams, as well as providers of assistance and f inance, this guide aims to throw light on challenges related to social impact assessment and provide the keys to adopting an approach that matches your situation. It sets out the essential steps and identifies organisational requirements. This guide also offers operational tools for each step and, finally, points to key resources and actors that can provide assistance for ESS enterprises along their assessment path.

Gender-responsive implementation of research in development projects

Resource Key: SH6C8SSB

Document Type: Report

Creator:

Place: Nairobi, Kenya

Institution: World Agroforestry (ICRAF) & CIFOR

Date: 2020

Language: en

Gender responsiveness means going beyond the identification of gender based differences and a ‘do no harm’ approach to making a conscious effort to address gender and social inequalities through project activities, seeking to advance gender equality. This involves understanding how anticipated outputs and outcomes affect women and men differently, and how the different roles and status of women and men affect the project activities and objectives. It also requires tailoring approaches and methods to the needs, priorities, and interests of women and men of different ages and socio economic and cultural backgrounds. Gender responsiveness should, at its core, facilitate the equitable achievement of project benefits for both men and women. Adopting a gender responsive approach to project implementation requires thoughtful planning, staffing and resourcing and can be challenging for project teams that lack gender and social inclusion expertise. This guidance note is designed to assist teams working in the design and implementation of development projects in the areas of agroforestry, land restoration, resilience and natural resource management, in identifying the most relevant gender dimensions according to the theme and scope of their projects. It also suggests practical activities, methods and approaches to address those gender dimensions ensuring that both men and women have equal opportunities to participate in, contribute to, and benefit from development projects. We begin with an overview of the gender dimensions addressed in the guide and how they relate to key themes often targeted in agroforestry, land restoration, resilience and natural resource management projects. We then explore each of these gender dimensions and provide concrete recommendations for programming and implementation, as well as the types of outcomes that can be achieved when a gender dimension is recognized and addressed. The last section offers a selection of tools, methodologies and resources to support gender-responsive project implementation.

Developing metrics of poverty and gender considerations in Marine Spatial Planning: a synthesis of case studies in Kenya, Madagascar and Tanzania

Resource Key: 3VHU3WQ5

Document Type: Report

Creator:

Place: Paris & Nairobi

Institution: UNESCO & Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management (SwAM)

Date: 2024

Language: en

Across the Western Indian Ocean, many vulnerable social groups largely depend on marine resources for their food security and livelihoods. The Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management (SwAM) and the IOC Sub-Commission for Africa and the Adjacent Island States (IOCAFRICA) support the implementation of Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) in this region. This report provides an overview of three pilot cases of baseline data collection to better understand local communities’ dependence on marine resources and other livelihood activities, with emphasis on understanding the role of marine spatial zonation and resource management on poverty and gender equality. Pilot studies were conducted in Kenya, Tanzania and Madagascar. In Kenya, the study focused on Kwale county which is the southernmost coastal county bordering the Tanzanian study area in the south. In Tanzania, the study area was the Mkinga District within Tanga Region, which is in the northeast of Tanzania. In Madagascar, the study areas comprised three coastal bays in the north western regions of Boeny and Sofia, namely Bombetoka, Mahajamba and Sahamalaza Bays. Coastal households in Kenya depended on a number of economic activities including formal employment, fishing and fisheries related activities, crop and animal farming, and trade. Some communities indicated that the resources were dwindling due to extensive harvests, while others indicated that there were fluctuations on the availability of the resources overtime. Across Kwale county, gender differences in livelihood activities were prevalent. These differences were mainly attributed to culture and traditions, risk aversion, and lack of capital to start business enterprises. In Tanzania, earning income from employment was common and shared equally between men and women across the coastal wards in the Tanga region. Most employment opportunities were within the fishing and fish processing sector. Offshore fishing (in areas best reached using a motor or sail) was more common than fishing from or close to the shore and fishers mainly caught small pelagic fish – on average about 64% of catches were small pelagics. Fishing, both offshore and inshore, was a very male dominated activity – only few households had female household members going out to sea. Inshore fishing was less common among households and also a very male dominated activity.Households in the Sofia and Boeny regions in the north / north-west of Madagascar had been experiencing the impacts of dwindling fish stocks and were worried that fish stocks will completely disappear in a few years if no actions are taken. Overall, households therefore saw the need for improved MSP in the area. However, fishing was by far households’ main income source – both for livelihood activities and for the few households that had some type of paid employment. In Mahajamba and Bombetoka close to 80% of households engaged in offshore fishing. Restrict-ing access to fishing grounds would likely have very large impacts on households’ monthly incomes as their incomes were rather undiversified. Overall, Madagascar ranked lowest in terms of opportunity and choice, power and voice, and domestic harmony and security while households seemed to be relatively better off in terms of income and resources compared to Kenya and Tanzania. Purely using income and access to resources relative to national poverty levels would have given different overall poverty level results for Madagascar.

Environmental assessment simplification in Botswana – is it fit for purpose?

Resource Key: 8RZ53IIF

Document Type: Journal Article

Creator:

Date: 2024

Language: en

Environmental assessments (EAs) in Botswana are insufficiently influential in decision-making and have been criticised for contributing to extended transaction costs and timelines. Therefore, efforts to simplify EA have been undertaken. Whilst internationally, the value of EA is judged by its capability to raise the profile of environmental issues and enhance public participation in decision processes, current EA simplification interventions in Botswana aim at constraining access to environmental information, at reducing public participation provisions and at restricting the scope of environmental impacts to be evaluated. Ultimately, EA is intended to be replaced with outcome-based tools aiming to mitigate and compensate for environmental damage rather than avoiding it. The authors therefore suggest that simplification efforts in Botswana are bound to erode benefits associated with EA and are not fit for purpose. In this paper, three recommendations are offered: whilst outcome-based tools can be prepared for projects that were assessed by EA they must be firmly tiered to them. Furthermore, discretion in decision-making needs to remain in place, and data sharing should be enhanced by placing EA reports in the public domain.

Guidance note – EBRD Performance Requirement 1: Assessment and management of environmental and social risks and impacts

Resource Key: ZTB6DPNZ

Document Type: Report

Creator:

Place: London

Institution: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

Date: March 2023

Purpose of this guidance note The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) is committed to promoting environmentally sound and sustainable development in the full range of its activities, pursuant to the Agreement Establishing the Bank. The Environmental and Social Policy (ESP) is one of the Bank’s three good governance policies and a key document that guides this commitment to promoting “environmentally sound and sustainable development” in the full range of its investment and technical cooperation activities. The EBRD’s Board of Directors approved the 2019 Environmental and Social Policy and its 10 related Performance Requirements (PRs) on 25 April 2019. They apply to projects started after 1 January 2020. EBRD Performance Requirement 1 (PR1) on the assessment and management of environmental and social risks and impacts sets out the Bank’s overarching requirements for the environmental and social appraisal of projects. It specifies how EBRD clients should assess, manage and monitor their project-related environmental and social risks and impacts in an integrated manner. The EBRD may refrain from financing a project on environmental and social grounds. The Bank’s ESP also includes the types of project that the EBRD will not finance based on an Environmental and Social Exclusion List (Appendix 1 of the ESP). The EBRD views environmental and social management as an adaptable, dynamic and continuous process that should be commensurate with project risks and the stage of project development, and respond to other internal and external factors. The EBRD expects clients to allocate sufficient resources to achieving appropriate governance of environmental and social risks for the full duration of the project. The EBRD also expects the client to establish regular communications with its workers, any local communities affected by the project and, where relevant, other stakeholders. This guidance note provides EBRD clients and others with a practical guide to implementing the requirements of PR1 and expands on the key principles underpinning it. These include: 1. selected key definitions and concepts of PR1, including how they should be interpreted and applied in various cases (for example, depending on project risk level or the stage of project and type of financing structure) 2. the complementary and discrete roles and responsibilities of the client and the EBRD throughout the Bank’s project environmental and social appraisal process 3. selecting a suitable approach to environmental and social assessment and management that meets the EBRD’s requirements. The other PRs and supporting guidance notes provide more detail on the EBRD’s requirements with regard to specific types of risk and impact. Further information is available in various reference documents prepared by the EBRD and others. While this and other guidance notes cross-reference some of these documents, the client should not take this it as a definitive reference list; guidance is constantly evolving and will vary in applicability for different types of project. The EBRD welcomes early engagement from potential or existing clients on topics such as the applicability of other PRs and is able to provide further guidance on particular projects.

Identifying and promoting qualitative methods for impact assessment

Resource Key: 3P7BTI9P

Document Type: Journal Article

Creator:

Date: 2024

Language: en

Qualitative methods for impact assessment (IA) represent a broad spectrum of approaches that are important for realising effective IA practice. The purpose of this paper is to identify and promote qualitative methods that are available for use in contemporary and future (next-generation) IA processes. From an extensive literature review, an international survey (145 responses), expert interviews (48 interviewees), and a workshop attended by 27 IA practitioners, 17 qualitative method categories were identified. These were further subdivided into three classes: conventional qualitative methods, highly participatory methods, and mixed methods. Each method is described, and an indication given of how each can be used in IA practice, including the specific stage of the IA process to which they might be applied. Whilst this paper seeks to stimulate practitioners to apply qualitative methods to enrich IA practices, the research also identifies a lack of expertise with social science methods as a significant barrier to the effective use of qualitative methods in IA practice.

Exploring the Remedy Gap in the Mining Sector – The Role of Grievance Mechanisms to promote Human Rights in Mineral Supply Chains

Resource Key: SAFI4VJW

Document Type: Report

Creator:

Place: Bonn and Eschborn, Germany

Institution: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH

Date: May 2024

Language: en

The report provides an analysis of the effectiveness of non-state-based non-judicial grievance mechanisms (NSBNJ GMs) within the extractive sector, focusing on their capacity to provide access to adequate remedy for rights holders adversely impacted by mining activities. Over the last decade, the adoption of the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGP) has spurred the integration of both voluntary and binding tools, like National Action Plans on Business and Human Rights (NAP) and mandatory human rights due diligence (HRDD) laws, aimed at mitigating adverse impacts associated with business operations along global supply chains. The report analyses the potentials and limitations of NSBNJ GMs in upholding human rights within the large-scale mining industry – a sector marked by its significant and complex social and environmental footprint. The study focuses on Colombia, Indonesia, Peru, and South Africa, where mining is a critical economic sector often associated with high levels of social conflict. The assessment involved a multi-faceted approach comprising document analysis, semi- structured in terviews with different stakeholder groups, as well as country-specific analyses with regard to context, legal framework and landscape of NSBNJ GMs within the four countries and at the international level. The effectiveness of NSBNJ GMs was assessed by analys ing their compliance with the effectiveness criteria for mulated in the UNGP and further important criteria such as cultural appropriateness and gender sensitivity of Grievance Mechanisms (GMs). In addition, the scope of operational-level grievance mechanisms (OLGMs) was analysed and conclusions, including recommendations were drawn. The findings of this report provide insights into the current landscape of NSBNJ GMs in the mining sector, an understanding of their effectiveness as well as current challenges and pending improvements.

National guidelines: Community engagement and benefits for electricity transmission projects

Resource Key: YMMZE3PZ

Document Type: Report

Creator:

Place: Canberra, Australia

Institution: Energy and Climate Change Ministerial Council, Commonwealth of Australia

Date: July 2024

Language: en

Australia’s energy system is undergoing a profound transformation to clean, renewable energy. We must replace ageing coal-fired power stations with new technology and the cheapest form of energy is renewable energy sources like solar, wind and hydro. New transmission infrastructure is needed to modernise the grid and connect to the locations where renewable energy is generated. The transmission network also needs to expand to match Australia’s growing demand for electricity. The Australian Energy Market Operator has calculated that close to 10,000 km of new transmission lines are needed by 2050 across New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and Tasmania (the National Energy Market). New transmission is also needed in Western Australia and the Northern Territory. These new lines will enhance the reliability of the energy system and enable efficient power supply to Australian businesses and communities. Developing large-scale infrastructure presents opportunities and challenges for Australia and local communities. At a national level, new transmission projects will support Australia’s goals for a cleaner energy future and enable more reliable energy supplies. At the local level, transmission projects will boost jobs and regional economies. However, localised impacts will arise for the communities that transmission lines pass through. Regional communities deserve to benefit directly from new transmission projects and participate in their planning and delivery. Transmission developers need to work with communities in an open and fair way. It is important that impacts are minimised and meaningful community benefits are realised throughout the full lifecycle of a transmission project. The National Guidelines for Community Engagement and Benefits for Electricity Transmission Projects (‘the guidelines’) have been prepared to elevate and reinforce the importance of building social licence with communities. These guidelines provide nationally consistent principles to deliver meaningful community engagement and local benefits for every transmission project in Australia. In practice, these guidelines will lead to: • tailored, transparent and adaptable engagement that matches community needs • early community engagement that informs route refinement and project decisions • ongoing community engagement to identify and address project impacts • co-designed project benefits that are fair and meaningful to the community • well-trained and culturally aware community engagement and land-liaison staff • continuous improvement in engagement activities and social licence. These guidelines support transmission developers to go beyond compliance by supplementing mandatory activities with better practice principles. Applying better practice approaches will improve community trust and acceptance. In turn, this supports transmission developers to deliver their projects more smoothly by building social licence with communities. These guidelines are primarily for entities involved in transmission planning and those building and operating transmission networks, including those engaging with landholders and communities on behalf of those entities. Transmission ‘developers’ is used to collectively refer to all of these entities, regardless of which phase of the project lifecycle they are involved in. Building and maintaining social licence is a shared responsibility for all entities involved in a transmission project. Poor engagement practices and unfair outcomes by any entity at any stage of a project can erode community trust and create cumulative impacts for transmission and the energy industry more broadly. The guidelines take a principles-based approach so they can be adapted to different community and project needs. The principles included in the guidelines represent leading practice in building social licence with communities. This means they will also be applicable to wider efforts to facilitate the energy transition. The guidelines include principles for engagement and consultation with First Nations people. Australia is a signatory to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). UNDRIP sets out four key principles that cover all of the elements of the Declaration. These principles are: • self determination • participation in decision making on the basis of free, prior, informed consent • respect for, and protection of culture • the right to be free from discrimination. The guidelines aim to ensure these significant principles are respected. Transmission developers should integrate the guideline’s principles into how they do business, alongside other leading business practices to build social value for their projects. Energy market bodies and government investment programs may also wish to integrate the principles into relevant assessment processes. Other opportunities to leverage the guidelines may also arise as national, state and territory governments consider options to align their relevant energy policies and programs.